Download Section 22–4 Seed Plants (pages 564–568)

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Section 22–4 Seed Plants
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Date ______________
(pages 564–568)
TEKS FOCUS: 12C Variations, adaptations, and tolerances in plants; 13B Methods of reproduction,
growth, and development; TEKS SUPPORT: 7A Evidence of change in species; 8A Classify organisms
This section explains what features allow seed plants to reproduce without
standing water. It also describes the four groups of gymnosperms.
Introduction
(page 564)
1. Complete the table about seed plants.
SEED PLANTS
Type
Description
Examples
Gymnosperms
Seed plants that bear seeds directly
on the surfaces of cones
Conifers, cycads
Angiosperms
Seed plants that bear their seeds within
a layer of protective tissue
Grasses, flowering trees and shrubs,
wildflowers, cultivated flowers
Reproduction Free From Water
(pages 564–565)
2. What are three features that allow seed plants to reproduce without water?
a. Reproduction in flowers or cones
b. The movement of gametes by pollination
c. The protection of embryos in a seed
3. What are cones and flowers? Cones are the seed-bearing structures of gymnosperms, and
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flowers are the seed-bearing structures of angiosperms.
4. Why don’t the gametophytes or the gametes of seed plants need standing water to
function? They don’t need water because the gametophyte generation develops within the
sporophyte plant.
5. What is pollination? It is the transfer of pollen from the male reproductive structure to the
female reproductive structure.
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Match the structure with its description.
Structure
Description
d
6. pollen grain
a. An embryo encased in a protective covering
a
7. seed
b. Structure that surrounds and protects the plant embryo
e
8. endosperm
c. Early developmental stage of an organism
c
9. embryo
d. Male gametophyte of seed plants
b
10. seed coat
e. Seed’s food supply
11. What tissues or structures do seeds have that aid in their dispersal to other habitats?
The seed coat can be textured so that it sticks to the fur or feathers of animals, or the entire seed
can be contained in fleshy tissues that are then eaten and dispersed by animals.
12. What is the strategy that allows seeds to survive long periods of bitter cold, extreme
heat, or drought? The embryo stops growing when it is still small and contained within the seed.
It begins to grow only when conditions are right.
Evolution of Seed Plants
(page 566)
13. How did conditions on Earth change during the Carboniferous and Devonian periods,
and how did those changes affect plants? Land environments were much wetter than they
are today, and tree ferns and other spore-bearers flourished and developed into lush forests that
covered much of Earth.
that do not form seeds and seed plants.
15. What adaptations did seed plants have that allowed them to replace spore-bearing
plants as continents became drier? Seed plants had adaptations that equipped them to deal
with drier conditions.
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14. What link do seed ferns represent in the fossil record? They represent a link between ferns
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Gymnosperms—Cone Bearers
Class __________________
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(pages 566–568)
16. Complete the concept map about gymnosperms.
Gymnosperms
include the phyla
Coniferophyta
Cycadophyta
Ginkgophyta
Gnetophyta
commonly called
commonly called
commonly called
commonly called
Conifers
Cycads
Ginkgoes
Genetophytes
17. Where are the reproductive scales of gnetophytes found? They are clustered into cones.
18. What do cycads look like? They are palmlike plants that reproduce with large cones.
19. In what kind of habitats can cycads be found growing naturally today?
They can be found in tropical and subtropical places.
20. Why is the ginkgo tree sometimes called a living fossil? It looks similar to its fossil
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ancestors.
21. What kinds of plants do conifers include? They include pines, spruces, firs, cedars,
sequoias, redwoods, junipers, and yews.
22. Why are the leaves of most conifers long and thin, such as pine needles?
That shape reduces the surface area from which water can be lost by evaporation.
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23. In addition to the shape of the leaves, what are two other adaptations that help
conifers conserve water?
a. Conifer leaves have a thick, waxy covering.
b. The openings of leaves that allow for gas exchange are below the surface of the leaves.
24. Circle the letter of the reason conifers never become bare.
a. They never lose their needles.
b. The gametophyte supplies needles to the sporophyte.
c. Older needles are gradually replaced by newer needles.
d. The needles conserve water throughout the year.
25. How are larches and bald cypresses different from most other conifers?
They lose their needles every fall.
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