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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Act by means of hormones, synthesized in glands and secreted in blood • Hormones- chemical signals that act on target cells; work on specific targets! • Amino acid based- water soluble; receptor on membrane • Lipid based- lipid soluble; receptor inside of cell GLANDS • True glands- ductless, secrete hormones into circulatory system, thyroid and pituitary • Exocrine glands- secrete through a duct to outside surfaces/organs; not part of endocrine system, salivary/mammary/sweat CIRCULATING VS. LOCAL HORMONES • Circulating hormones- travel Local hormones- no traveling, only affect nearby cells SIGNALING • Endocrine: travels to distant cells; need a receptor • Paracrine: has local effect on cells nearby • Autocrine: act on cell that made it • A cell can be all three! TRANSPORT AND REMOVAL Transport of hormones • Unbound- water soluble; short duration • Bound- hormones attached to binding proteins; have a prolonged effect Removal of hormones 1. Degrading enzymes 2. Kidneys 3. Liver enzyme system ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS Foreign molecules that interrupt normal function of a hormone pathway • DDT (pesticide) • BPA (found in plastic) • PCB (industrial chemical) “GOLDILOCKS” PRINCIPLE • Hypersecretion- too much • Hyposecretion- too little • Both lead to an imbalance which can lead to disease/disorder/etc. HORMONE INTERACTION LET’S CHECK THE HORMONE/GLAND CHART!