Download Cell Communication in the Circulatory System

Cell Communication in the
Circulatory System
By: Roger Johns, Matt Mosher,
Danielle Altchiler, Sam Miller,
Grace Orben, and Tom Scheller
Signal Transduction in Circulatory System
signal transduction important in physiological and pathophysiological roles
heart and vascular wall have many receptors for ligand to bind to
G proteins are important type of communication in tissues and
cardiovascular system
signalling through G proteins regulates the degree of peripheral arterial
resistance, aspects of renal function, the rate and force of myocardial
contraction, and cardiac hypertrophy
Signal Transduction Review
ligand (signal molecule) binds to the receptor of the cell, and the receptor
becomes activated
the receptor is now ready to activate a specific G protein by causing GTP to
displace GDP on the G protein.
the activated G protein then binds to another protein, usually an enzyme,
and alters its activity
the G protein then hydrolyzes its GTP and reverts to its inactive form to
respond to another signal
Cell Communication Review
http://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_campbell_biology_7/media/interactivem
edia/activities/load.html?11&B
G Protein-Linked Receptors
http://ccftp.scu.edu.cn:8090/Download/uploadfile/20120810155814658.jpg
Hormones and the Circulatory System
hormones are secreted from:
the glands of the endocrine system
some organs
heart, kidneys, stomach, skin, liver and gonads (ovaries and testes)
hormones are secreted into the bloodstream and distributed to all cells of
the body
Hormones and the Circulatory System
peptides and monoamines mix easily with blood
steroid hormones must bind to hormone binding proteins in the blood
the binding of a steroid hormone to the binding protein is reversible
bound hormones are attached to a binding protein and are moved through
the circulatory system
once unbound, the hormone exits the circulatory system to affect the target
cell
Cell Communication in Blood
Hormones in Circulatory System
following a particular stimulus, the gland can increase or decrease the rate
of secretion
circulating (blood) levels of hormones are not permitted to get too high
because they are controlled by 2 separate negative feedback loops
neuronal and hormonal control of the circulation, including the control of
the heart mainly affected by the autonomic nervous system and its
hormonal transmitters, the catecholamines
Hormones in Circulatory System
epinephrine and norepinephrine bind to adrenergic receptors on targets
including:
liver stimulating the enzymatic hydrolysis of glycogen (glycogenolysis)
into glucose in the liver which is subsequently released into the blood
adipose stimulates lipolysis to increase blood fatty acids
cardiovascular system which increases the heart rate, strength of the
heartbeat and blood pressure to send blood around the body more
quickly
Hormone Function
Insulin: Secreted by pancreas - lowers blood glucose levels - decreases with
increased exercise
Glucagon: Secreted by pancreas - increases blood glucose levels, stimulates
breakdown of glycogen and fat - increases with increased exercise
Renin: Secreted by kidneys - assists in blood pressure control - increases as
blood pressure lowers
Cortisol:Secreted by adrenal cortex - increases blood sugar, suppresses
immune system metabolizes fats/proteins - increases with exercise
Hormone Function Continued
Growth Hormone: Secreted by anterior pituitary gland - increases protein
synthesis, the use of fat for energy, inhibits carbohydrate metabolism increases with exercise.
Endorphins: Secreted by anterior pituitary gland - pain-blocking hormone increases with long-duration exercise.
Epinephrine: Secreted by adrenal medulla - increases heart rate and
contractions, constricts blood vessels, elevates blood pressure- increases
with exercise
ADH (antidiuretic hormone): Secreted by posterior pituitary - stimulates
water retention by the kidneys - increases with exercise
Cell Communication and Endocrine System
the endocrine system broadcasts its hormonal messages to essentially all
cells by secretion into blood and extracellular fluid
like a radio broadcast, it requires a receiver to get the message - in the case
of endocrine messages, cells must bear a receptor for the hormone being
broadcast in order to respond
Cell Communication and Nervous System
nervous system important in circulatory control
nervous reflexes are important in enhancing the effectiveness of blood
volume control and control of cardiac pumping
Cell Communication
among the hormonal mechanisms, the renin-angiotensin system provides
small degree of arterial pressure control when the pressure falls below
normal
elicits a vasoconstrictor response in the peripheral blood vessels
● however, system seems even more important renal function
○ direct effect on kidneys to cause fluid retention
○ increases the body fluid volume and in this way increases the arterial
pressure
Cell Communication
roles of ADH and aldosterone in the control of blood volume critical
both clinical experience and experimental studies are beginning to
demonstrate thirst/ADH system by far most potent mechanism for
control of extracellular fluid sodium ion concentration
alternatively, the aldosterone mechanism primary control system for
maintaining normal extracellular fluid concentration of potassium
Bozeman on Circulatory System
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NJzJKvkWWDc&list=PLgW0BC0b13MVVkf9
0wTKgzlt1MkSt_9Oi&index=9
Closed vs. Open Circulatory System
Open:
common to molluscs and arthropods
evolved in crustaceans, insects, mollusks, and other invertebrates
pump blood into hemocoel (circulatory fluid) with the blood diffusing back to the
circulatory system between cells
blood is pumped by a heart into the body cavities, where tissues are surrounded by
blood
Open System Advantages:
lower hydrostatic pressures associated with open circulatory systems makes them less
costly than closed systems in terms of energy expenditure
Closed vs. Open Circulatory System
Closed:
vertebrates, and a few invertebrates, have a closed circulatory system
blood is closed at all times within vessels of different size and wall thickness
blood is pumped by a heart through vessels and does not normally fill body
cavities
chemical exchange occurs between the blood and the interstitial fluid, as well as
between the interstitial fluid and body cells
Closed vs. Open Circulatory System
Closed System Advantages:
more complex organisms have closed system
relatively high blood pressures, which enable the effective delivery of O2
and nutrients to the cells of larger and more active animals
well suited to regulating the distribution of blood to different organs
Part 2: Tissues
Matts song
https://youtu.be/UmLD-5k4rVE
part 3: Organs
The Heart
Left Ventricle, Right Ventricle,
Left Atrium, Right Atrium
The Lungs
Blood Vessels
Artery, Capillaries, Veins
Blood Vessels
Arteries: carries the blood away from the heart
Veins: carries the blood back to the heart
Capillaries: form a network between arterioles and venules
Red Blood Cells
Specialized Cell
White Blood Cells
Specialized Cell
Platelets
Specialized Cell
Plasma
Specialized Cell
Tissues
Muscles
Epithelial
Epithelial
Nervous
Connective
Circulicious
Works Cited of Pictures
http://thumbs.dreamstime.com/z/structure-plasma-cell-b-plasmocyte-white-blood-cells-secrete-antibodiestransported-37977996.jpg
http://www.ouhsc.edu/platelets/platelets/Platelet%20Pics/Platelets%201.gif
http://www.ouhsc.edu/platelets/platelets/Platelet%20Pics/Platelets%201.gif
http://www.business-opportunities.biz/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/red_blood_cells.jpg
http://img.webmd.com/dtmcms/live/webmd/consumer_assets/site_images/media/medical/hw/h9991324_00
1.jpg
http://kidshealth.org/EN/images/illustrations/lungsDiagram-260x252-rd1-enIL.gif