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Lecture Objective
• Understand why the Civil War was initially
fought and how this initial focus shifted.
• Understand the impact the Civil War had on
slaves and women.
• Understand Northern and Southern
advantages.
• Understand the failure of the Confederate
States.
Fort Sumter (Federal Military
Fort)
•
Fort Sumter on the Charleston Harbor was
ordered to surrendered in April 10, 1861.
a) Fort Sumter attacked in April 12, 1861 by
the Confederacy.
• Impact: Force remaining eight Southern
states to take sides.
Currier and Ives lithograph, the shelling
of Fort Sumter (April 12, 1861)
The Civil War Begins
•
Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and N. Carolina
joined the Confederate States.
• Border states remained in the Union: Delaware,
Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri
a) Very significant because it increase the man
power and manufacturing capacity of the north.
b) Significant because this were slave states.
Organizing the Troops
Confederate States
• Congress called for a
volunteer army.
a) 100,000 men would
offer a 12 month
service.
The Union
• State militia called to
for a 90 day service.
• Free African-Americans
wanted to serve, but
were turned away.
Departure of the 7th Regiment, N.Y.S.M.,
April 19, 1861, by George Hayward
Battle of Bull Run
•
•
•
Battle of Bull Run was fought in Virginia
on July of 1861.
Troops were accompanied by the press,
politicians, and onlookers.
Significant because it showed both sides
that a fast victory was very unlikely.
Northern Advantage
• Had a larger population (2x).
a) Significant because it meant more man power.
• Had a larger industrial capacity (9x).
a) Significant because the Union could produce
materials needed for the war.
• Had a longer railroad mileage (71%).
a) Important for the transportation of goods and
troops.
Southern Advantage
• Some of the most skilled military officers
sided with South, including Robert Lee.
• Most Southern men had weapons experience.
• This was a defensive war for the South. The
North had to invade the South and force it to
surrender.
a) Southern men, slave owners and non-slave
owners, had to protect home and community.
Financing the War (North)
•
Issued war bonds for Americans to
purchase.
• Federal income tax issued, exempt those
who made less than $ 800.
• Borrowed 2.6 billion to fund war.
• Legal Tender Act (Feb 1862)
a) Created a national currency
Financing the War (South)
• Borrowed money
• Issued paper money
* Difficulty financing war
South and Foreign Support
•
The South hoped to gain support from
France and Britain.
• France and Britain did not support the
South.
a) The South reacted by holding cotton
exports to Britain.
1) Strategy failed, Britain was getting cotton
from Egypt and India.
No Confederacy Unity
• Emphasis on states’ rights prevented a sense
of a unified nation to developed.
• Jefferson Davis alienated many
Southerners.
• First draft in U.S. history created class
resentment.
a) Why? Military service exemptions created
class resentment.
Draft (The South)
• Issued draft on April 1862.
• Men between the ages 18-35 years were eligible
for a 3 years service.
• Exemptions: Substitutes were allowed and only
wealthy Southerners could afford them.
• Exempt: Slave owners who had more than 20
slaves. Only very wealthy meet this requirement.
Substitute ads
Photograph, southern volunteers
War in Northern Virginia
• Initial plan was called the Anaconda.
a) No bloody invasion or conquest in order to leave
room for reconciliation.
b) Sea and Mississippi River blockade would strain
the South and force it to surrender.
• The Peninsular campaign goal was to capture
Richmond, Virginia.
a) Failed, McClellan driven back.
Battle of Antietam
•
•
•
•
Sept. 17, 1862 was a very bloody battle.
5,000 dead Americans
19,000 wounded Americans
Was a stalemate, in other words, there was
no clear winner.
The Battle of Shiloh
• When: April 1862
• 2 days of fighting forced the Confederates to
withdraw.
• Union forces made it to:
a) Memphis in June.
b) Vicksburg in July 1863.
• 3,000 Northern men died and 11,000 South men .
Native Americans and Civil War
• Most Native Americans fought for south.
• Why? The Confederacy promised tribes re
representation in the new government.
Naval Blockade
• Initially the naval blockade had little impact
on the South.
• However, later it impacted the South.
a) Restrict Southern trade and they were not
able to secure products.
Impact (African Americans)
•
•
Early in the war slaves escaped to Union lines.
The Fugitive Slave Act was voided, this
influenced many slaves to runaway.
• Contraband: Was a term given to runaways
slaves that made it to Union lines.
a) Contrabands were put to work in the Northern
camps. Slaves were interrogated by the Union.
• In Port Royal, S. Carolina (1861) whites fled
without their slaves.
The Death of Slavery
• By the end of the war about 1 million slaves
had made it to union lines.
a) Significance: Demonstrated slaves did not
support slavery.
• Because many slaves were running away,
the North could not ignore issue.
Impact: Slave Owner and Slave
Relations
•
Women left to behind to deal with slaves
and plantation.
a) They lacked patriarchal authority and some
slaves refused to obey them.
1) Slaves began to make their own decisions
2) Some refused punishment.
Black Soldiers
•
Emancipation Proclamation was issued on Jan.
1, 1863.
a) Allowed African-Americans to serve for the
Union.
b) Freed slaves in areas not control by Union.
c) Exempted the border slave states.
• 200,000 blacks served for the Union and 37, 000
died for their freedom.
Recruitment poster, Philadelphia,
ca. 1863
Black Soldiers (prejudice)
•
•
•
•
Camps were segregated.
Black soldiers given the worst jobs.
Blacks were paid less, $10.00 v. $13.00.
Confederacy declared that any black
captured soldier would be treated like a
runaway slave.
Black Soldiers (resistance)
•
Men of the fifty-fourth (Massachusetts)
protested unequal wages in the military.
a) Refused their pay until the War Department
equalized wages.
• War Dept. equalized wages on June 1864
Life of a Soldier
• Bloody long battles.
• Soldiers were usually always low on
supplies, for example, food and tents.
• Soldiers endured long marches while
carrying baggage of about 50-60 lbs.
War’s Toll
• Over 620,000 dead Americans
a) Better weapons, for example, rifles were
more accurate.
b) Medical ignorance about the infection of
wounds gave rise to high death toll.
c) Unsanitary camp conditions allowed for
infectious diseases to spread.
Turning Point (1863)
• Robert Lee takes a gamble (June) hoping to score
a major victory for the Confederacy.
a) Attempted to move into northern territory:
Maryland and Pennsylvania.
• He failed to accomplish goal.
• In the Battle of Gettysburg (July 1-3) 28,000 dead
Confederates.
• General Grant takes Vicksburg, Mississippi
New Military Strategy (later in
the war)
• Grant and Sherman were Union generals
and both supported new war strategy, total
war.
• Total war: To destroy the South, literally
speaking. In other words, destroy
everything, but don’t hurt civilians.
• Goal: To make war unbearable to the South
and force them to surrender.
William T. Sherman’s March
•
•
•
Sherman captured Atlanta in Sept. 02,
1864.
Sherman and his men march to Savannah
and occupied area in December 1864.
Sherman used total war strategy. His men
destroyed everything along the way.
Southern Desperation
• Sherman’s March devastating.
• Grant attacked Petersburg and Richmond.
• Southern reacted by passing a black soldier
draft in March 13, 1865. The South needed
black men’s support.
Appomattox
• Lee surrendered
a) When: April 9, 1865
b) Where: Appomattox Court House
• Grant allowed the Confederates to leave
with 3 days worth of rations.
Photograph by Thomas C. Roche, dead
Confederate soldier, April 3, 1865
Richmond (April 4, 1865)
Women’s Contribution (south
and north)
• Nursing the wounded men.
• Volunteered to offer various services, for
example, supply drives.
• Camp followers
• Prostitutes
• Many women faced resistance from their
own families.
Nurse Ann Bell