Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download cycle repeats
Document related concepts
Ecology of Banksia wikipedia , lookup
Gartons Agricultural Plant Breeders wikipedia , lookup
Plant use of endophytic fungi in defense wikipedia , lookup
Ornamental bulbous plant wikipedia , lookup
Evolutionary history of plants wikipedia , lookup
Pollination wikipedia , lookup
Flowering plant wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
• Taxonomy: Branch of biology that groups all life according to their characteristics and history • All life on earth is placed into 1 of 6 kingdoms: – Eubacteria – Archaea – Protista – Fungi – Plants – Animals • Developed classification system based on physical features • Binomial Nomenclature: System of giving every organism 2 names – 1st word: Genus (broad) – 2nd word: Species (specific) • Example: House cat – Genus: Felis (cougars, lions, tigers, cheetahs, etc…) – Species: catus • When Writing: – Genus capitalized – species lowercase – Underlined entirely Ex: Homo sapiens • When Typing: – Same, except use italics Ex: Homo sapiens • 7 individual levels (taxa) used to classify organisms Kingdom (broadest) Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species (specific) • Allows relationships to be clearly seen The more levels in common...the more related the species. • Taxonomy: grouping life according to shared traits (not just physical) • 1) Morphology: studying the form and structure of organisms – Comparing the morphology (traits) of different species shows similarities and/or differences Morphology Shows Non-Relationships Also! • Comparing DNA, amino acids, & proteins • DNA mutations occur at known rates – Splits in evolution can be estimated based on how different DNA between 2 organisms is – More different the DNA…longer ago common ancestor Mouth Anus Anus • Patters of development studied to identify relatedness • Blastopore (1st opening of embryo) shows humans & starfish are more related than humans & squid all have amniotic eggs • Defined: Evolutionary history of an organism • Shown by cladograms – Group life according to similarities How many traits does a primate & amphibian share? Which organisms do not have amniotic eggs? Topic 2: Viruses • Virus: A biological particle composed of nucleic acid and protein • Intracellular Parasites: organism that must “live” inside a host • Not made of cells or organelles • Can’t reproduce on own • Don’t metabolize energy • Don’t perform cellular processes • Reproduce • Have nucleic acid • Adapt to surroundings • Have organization • All Have: – 1) Capsid: coat of protein that surrounds nucleic acid – 2) Nucleic Acid: RNA or DNA • Some Have: – Tail Fibers: Used for attachment (not legs) • Shapes vary 1st Step: Attachment – Virus attaches to a cell receptor – No attachment = No infection 2nd Step: Entry – Virus enzyme weakens cell membrane – Genetic material (DNA or RNA) enters host cell 3rd Step: Replication – Virus DNA/RNA makes virus proteins by transcription/ translation 4th Step: Assembly – New virus proteins are assembled into new viruses 5th Step: Release – Virus enzyme causes host to burst – Viruses are released to find new host…Cycle repeats 1) Attachment: Virus attaches to host cell Host Procell phage DNA 2) Entry: Virus nucleic acid enter the cell, but combines with host cell DNA. The host cell divides by mitosis, making a copy of the prophage each time. Prophage Prophage Two infected cells. Prophage Two cells divide my mitosis to make 4 infected cells. Prophage Prophage Four infected cells divide by mitosis to make 8…and so on…. Virus DNA eventually becomes active and starts to create viruses following the stages of the lytic cycle. All infected cells burst, releasing many more viruses to restart the cycle. • Prokaryote – Cells w/o nucleus & membrane bound organelles – Chromosome & plasmids float freely in cytoplasm • Ribosomes – create proteins • Flagella – used in movement • Pili – act as anchors – Connect to other cell during conjugation • Endospore – “cocoon” to protect DNA in harsh times • Many bacteria grow in colonies • 3 Basic Shapes: • 1) Rod • 2) Spherical • 3) Spiral Bacteria Asexual Reproduction Click pic • Binary Fission: asexual reproduction where one cell splits into two cells – Both cells have identical sets of DNA – Less genetic diversity Bacteria Sexual Reproduction Gene to resist ampicillin Gene to resist ampicillin • Conjugation: process where DNA is exchanged between bacteria cells • Cells connect by pili • DNA duplicated and then exchanged • Creates genetic diversity The bacteria that causes TB lives in your lungs…which type is it? • Anaerobic – Obligate anaerobic = cannot live in oxygen • Aerobic – Facultative aerobic = can live with or without oxygen – Obligate aerobic = must live in oxygen Identifying Bacteria with Gram Staining • Gram positive: • stains purple • lack extra covering • easier to treat • Gram negative: • stains pink • extra outer layer • harder to treat HEALTHY MODERATE PERIODONTITIS GINGIVITIS ADVANCED PERIODONTITIS Topic 4: Protista Protista in General • Usually unicellular • Reproduction: – Asexual, Sexual, Both • Kingdom for life that doesn’t fit in animals, plant or fungi kingdom • Mostly aquatic life • 3 main categories based on feeding – Animal-like – Plant-like – Protista-like Animal-Like Protista (Protozoans) • Aquatic, unicellular • Heterotrophic – Feed & ingest prey – pathogens, parasites, predators – 3 subcategories based on how they move • 1) Pseudopods : have pseudopodia (false- feet) – Engulf by phagocytosis • 2) Flagellates: have flagella • 3) Ciliates: have cilia Pseudopod (Amoeba) feeding Pseudopod Video Clips File title: Amoeba2 File title: Amoeba4 Ciliates Video Clip File title: Paramecia2 File title: Rotifer2 Flagelletes Video Clip File title: Euglena2 File title: Euglena Animal-Like Protista & Disease • Malaria: Infected mosquito bites – Fever, vomiting, coma, death • Sleeping sickness: bite of tsetse flies – Coma & death Plantlike Protista • AKA: Algae • Perform photosynthesis with chloroplasts – Provide ~ ½ the O2 on earth – Most unicellular – Phytoplankton: basis of aquatic food chains (producers) • Few multicellular – Seaweed, kelp • Why not plants? – No true leaves, stems, or roots – most unicellular Fungus-like Protista • Heterotrophs – Decomposers: recycle nutrients – Absorb nutrients • Moist environments • Slime Molds: large (~1 meter) single celled mass of cytoplasm • Water molds: can be parasitic – Potato blight: disease & the Irish potato famine Fungi Structure & Basics • Hyphae: thin strands of cells that make up the fungus body – Hyphae spread into a larger mass (mycelium) • • • • Fruiting body: Above-ground reproductive structure Cell wall of chiton (common to animals) Heterotrophs: hyphae release enzymes to absorb nutrients Classification determined by sexual reproduction methods Zygote Fungi • Bread Molds • Some help “fix” nitrogen in atmosphere • Asexual Reproduction – Sporangia produce spores – Spores can grow into new hyphae when released . . . Haploid spores land Hyphae grow into a mat of mycelium Sporangia grow from the mycelium Sporangia release spores .. . ground The process repeats .. . ground Zygote Fungi • Sexual reproduction – Hyphae from 2 organisms fuse and form a diploid zygospore – Zygospore grows new hyphae when released Spores land Hyphae grow into a mat of mycelium ground Hyphae of fungi grow together Diploid zygospore is created New diploid hyphae grow from the zygospore Hyphae of fungus #1 Hyphae of fungus #2 Hyphae grow into a mat of mycelium…. Sporangia grow from the mycelium Sporangia release spores .. . ground The cycle repeats ground Hyphae of fungus #1 Hyphae of fungus #2 .. . ground Club Fungi • Basidia: club-like structure that produces sexual spores (located in gills underneath) • Hyphae of two individuals grow into mycelium • Fruiting body created to make spores Club Fungi Spores will land Fungus #1 mycelium grows underground….Fungus #2 mycelium grows underground Two fungi grow together and fuse Diploid fruiting body grows from the mass Haploid spores created & released from the underside of the fruiting body . . .. . ground Spores will land New hyphae will grow into a new mycelium Cycle repeats ground Sac Fungi • Ascus: sac that contain spores during sexual reproduction • Two hyphae grow together to create fruiting body • Spores released • Ex: Yeast, morals, truffles Spores will land Fungus #1 mycelium grows underground….Fungus #2 mycelium grows underground Two fungi grow together and fuse Diploid fruiting body grows from the mass Haploid spores created & released from the ascus ground Spores will land New hyphae will grow into a new mycelium Cycle repeats ground Lichens • • • • Fungus + blue-green bacteria or green algae Mycelium of fungi surrounds the green organism Grow on rocks (pioneer species), soil, trees Mutualistic relationship – Algae/bacteria: obtains warmth, substrate to grow in – Fungus: obtains food • Food source & help create soil during succession Topic 6: Plants Plant Evolution • Evolved from green algae (450 mya) • Green algae ancestor – Multicellular body – Cells w/ channels to communicate – Reproduce w/ sperm & egg • Early plants – Low growth (nonvascular) Land Adaptations • Retain Moisture – Early plants grew near waters edge – Cuticle: waxy coating Land Adaptations • Transporting Resources – Vascular system: tissue to transport nutrients • Up from the roots (ex: water) • Down from the leaves (ex: sugars) – Allows taller growth Land Adaptations • Growing upright – Large plants need to support own weight – Lignin: hardens cell wall; gives wood strength Land Adaptations • Reproduction on land – Pollen: carried by wind/animals – Seeds: hard coat protects embryo inside Alternation of generations (In general) • Diploid zygote created • Diploid zygote grows into a diploid sporophyte • Haploid spores created by meiosis • Haploid spores grow into haploid gametophytes – Male gametophyte creates haploid sperm – Female gametophyte creates haploid egg • Sperm and egg fuse to make a diploid zygote • Cycle restarts Group 1: Seedless, Nonvascular Plants • Live in moist environments to reproduce • Liverworts • Hornworts • Mosses Group 1: Seedless, Nonvascular Plants • Mosses – Grow low to ground to retain moisture (nonvascular) – Lack true leaves – Common pioneer species during succession – Gametophyte most common (dominant) Moss Life Cycle 1)Moss gametophytes grow near the ground (haploid stage) 2) Through water, sperm from the male gametophyte will swim to the female gametophyte to create a diploid zygote 3) Diploid sporophyte will grow from zygote 4) Sporophyte will create and release haploid spores ... sporophyte zygo egg te zygo egg te zygo egg te male male female zygo egg te female female gametophyte male female male 5) Haploid spores land and grow into new gametophytes 6) The process repeats gametophyte ground ... sporophyte zygo egg te zygo egg te zygo egg te male male female zygo egg te female female gametophyte male female male Group 2: Seedless, Vascular Plants • Vascular system allows nutrient transport to greater heights • Live in moist environments to reproduce • Club mosses • Horsetails • Ferns Group 2: Seedless, Vascular Plants • Ferns – – – – Vascular: allows taller growth Haploid spores (meiosis) on underside of fronds Spores grow into gametophyte Sperm & egg create a zygote Fern Life Cycle 1) Sporophyte creates and releases haploid spores . . . . Adult Sporophyte (diploid) ground 2) Haploid spores land in the soil ground 3) From the haploid spores, gametophyte grows in the soil Let’s zoom in ground 4) Sperm swim through water from the male parts (antheridium) to the female parts (archegonia) Let’s zoom back out zygo egg te zygo egg te zygo egg te 5) Diploid sporophyte grows from the zygote sporophyte ground 6) Fronds uncurls into leaves. 7) Cycle repeats -- Haploid spores created and released . . . ground . Haploid spores land in the soil ground From the haploid spores, gametophyte grows in the soil Let’s zoom in ground Sperm swim through water from the male parts (antheridium) to the female parts (archegonia) Let’s zoom back out zygo egg te zygo egg te zygo egg te Diploid sporophyte grows from the zygote sporophyte ground Fronds uncurls into leaves. Cycle repeats . . . ground . Seeds and their advantages • 1) Seed plants don’t depend on water to reproduce – Pollen (contains sperm) combines with egg – Egg hardens into a seed • 2) Nourishment and protection – Nourish: Nutrients inside seed for the embryo – Protection: Hard shell • 3) Allow dispersal – Carried by wind, water, animals Group 3: Seed producing, Vascular Plants • Type 1: Gymnosperms • Seeds not enclosed in a fruit – produced inside cones • Cone = reproductive structure • Male cones: produce pollen • Female cones: produce eggs and seeds Group 3: Seed producing, Vascular Plants • Gymosperm example: Conifers – Cone plants – Needle-like leaves – Common to lumber industry – Evergreen, Pine, Redwood, Cedar Conifer Life Cycle 1) Male and female seed cones grow in adult sporophytes 2) Pollen grains released from the male seed cones -- Pollen is the male gametophyte Male cones make pollen Female cones make eggs zygo egg te zygo egg te zygo egg te zygo egg te seed seed seed seed 3) Seeds begin to harden inside the female cones 4) Seeds released 5) Seed will land ground 6) Seedling grows into (sporophyte)…the cycle repeats ground 1) Male and female seed cones grow in adult sporophytes Male cones make pollen Female cones make eggs zygo egg te zygo egg te zygo egg te zygo egg te seed seed seed seed 3) Seeds begin to harden inside the female cones 4) Seeds released 5) Seed will land ground 6) Seedling grows into (sporophyte)…the cycle repeats ground Group 3: Seed producing, Vascular Plants • Type 2: Angiosperms (flowering plants) • Flower = reproductive structure – Protects gamete and fertilized eggs • Seeds enclosed in a fruit – Fruit: Plant ovary – Often attract animals to disperse the seeds inside Fruit Production • In the seed – Embryo – Food supply • Surrounding ovary grows into a fruit • Fruit attracts animals to eat and spread the seeds Fruit seeds in fox droppings Angiosperm types (flowering plants) • • • • 2 groups: Monocots and Dicots (based on seed type) Cotyledon: embryonic leaf Monocots: embryo with 1 seed leaf Dicots: embryo with 2 seed leaves Angiosperm Life Spans • Three Life Span Types: • Annuals – 1 year: Mature…produce seeds…die • Biennials – 1st year: produces short stem, low growth leaves, food reserves – 2nd year: taller stem, leaves, flowers, seeds • Perennials – Live for more than 2 years Flowers • Reproductive structure of flowering plants • Sepals – outer ring of leaves – protection • Petals – Inner ring of leaves – Brightly colored to attract pollinators • Open petals & sepals reveal male and female structures Flowers • Female Carpel – Inner most part – Ovary: within the base (female gametophyte) – Stigma: sticky tip, collects pollen • Male Stamen – Surrounds carpel – Anther: produces pollen (male gametophyte) Angiosperm Life Cycle Pollen stick to animal or released into wind Animal finds a new flower to feed on Pollen transferred to the stigma….seeds develop zygo egg te Flower petals start to fall off and dies zygo te Fruit falls to ground Animals eat fruit….seeds come out the other end…cycle repeats seed Pollen stick to animal or released into wind Animal finds a new flower to feed on Pollen transferred to the stigma….seeds develop zygo egg te Flower dies zygo te Fruit falls to ground Animals eat fruit….seeds come out the other end…cycle repeats seed End of the Semester!
