Download Chapter 16 The Civil War (1861-1865)

Chapter 16 The Civil War
(1861-1865)
Section 4 The Strain of War
Which do you feel is the most
important quality in a good leader?
A. Enthusiasm
B. Confidence
C. Courage
D. Decisiveness
A.
B.
C.
D.
A
B
C
D
n
How did the events at Gettysburg
and Vicksburg change the course of
the war?
Battle of Fredericksburg
• After Antietam, Lee
retreated to Virginia
• General Burnside, marched
his troops toward the
Confederate capital at
Richmond
• Lee intercepted the troops
at Fredericksburg
• Lee moved to a hill and then
had trenches built so they
could fire down on the
enemy
• The army would be
protected
• December 13, 1862- Lee’s
entrenched forces easily
drove back the Union troops
• Burnside resigned and was
replaced by General Joseph
Hooker
After Fredericksburg
• May 1863- Lee split his
men in response to
Hooker doing the same
thing
• Even though Hooker
had twice as many men
• Some Confederate
troops stayed to defend
Fredericksburg, and
some confronted the
main Union forces at
Chancellorsville
• A third group, under
Stonewall Jackson,
caught the Union by
surprise
• Stonewall Jackson
marched around the
side of Hooker’s
position
Battle of Chancellorsville
• Suddenly, Jackson’s
army attacked the Union
forces at the rear
• At the same time, Lee
struck from the front
• The Union was
sandwiched between the
two Confederate forces
• Hooker withdrew his
men
• One of the Confederate
companies fired on
Stonewall Jackson’s
company by mistake
• Jackson was wounded
in the left arm
• Jackson’s arm had to be
amputated, and he died
a week later
Weak Union Generals
• The Union had 3 different
Generals in less than a year
• McClellan was reluctant to
engage the enemy
• Lincoln said “If McClellan
doesn’t want to use the
army, I’d like to borrow it for
a while”
• McClellan didn’t follow the
retreating Confederate
troops (Antietam) into
Virginia
• After McClellan was
Burnside (Loss at
Fredericksburg)
• Then Lincoln appointed
Joseph Hooker (Loss at
Chancellorsville)
• Hooker resigned within 2
months
• Major General George
Meade took command
African Americans in the War
• At first, neither side
allowed African
Americans to fight
• The North soon
relaxed its rules
• African Americans
made up 30% of the
South’s population
• Confederate leaders
feared African
Americans would
attack their fellow
troops
• Or begin a revolt
In the North
• The North needed more
soldiers, so Lincoln
allowed African
Americans to serve
• Congress allowed the
formation of all-African
American regiments
• Southern troops hated
the African American
troops and focused their
fiercest gunfire on African
American regiments
• By the end of the war,
they comprised about
10% of the Union army
• These men fought hard
and effectively
The 54th Massachusetts
• Best known African
American regiment
• 1863- Took part in the siege
of Fort Wagner in South
Carolina
• On the front lines
• Had nearly 300 casualties in
this regiment alone
• Nevertheless, the soldiers
bravely fought on
• The Union could not capture
the fort
• The 54th became famous for
the courage and sacrifice of
its members
Going to the North
• Spring 1863- The South had the
upper hand
• Union loss at Chancellorsville
ruined their plan for taking
Richmond
• Robert E. Lee decided to take
the war to the North to impress
Britain and France
• The South recalled the
Revolutionary War- Getting help
from the French
• France and Britain missed the
goods the South provided
(Mainly cotton)
• If the South could win here,
these nations might help
Battle of Gettysburg
• Confederates entered
Gettysburg,
Pennsylvania looking
for supplies
• General Lee hoped to
avoid fighting in an
unfamiliar area
• But the two sides
encountered one
another
• After 4 days of fighting,
the Confederates had
25,000 casualties and
the Union had 23,000
• The battle started at
5:30 A.M. on July 1
Battle of Gettysburg Continued
• The Union troops were
outnumbered and retreated to
Cemetery Ridge
• Reinforcements for both sides
arrived
• On the second day of fighting,
Southern generals tried to
remove Union forces from hills
called Round Top and Little
Round Top
• Union Troops under General
Meade held their positions
• That night Meade made the
decision not to retreat
• The next day Lee order an
attack designed to “create a
panic and virtually destroy the
[Union] army”
Results of Gettysburg
• The Confederates started by firing
nearly 140 cannons at Union lines
• The under General George
Pickett, 1000s of Confederates
attacked the Union’s center
position
• They advanced across open land
• At first, it seemed Pickett’s
Charge might work- the
Confederates broke the Union’s
first line
• In the end 75% of those that
charged were dead or wounded
The Vicksburg Siege
• July 4th, 1863- Lee
retreated from
Gettysburg
• Also on the same day
the important river city
of Vicksburg,
Mississippi, fell to the
Union under Grant
• In May, Grant began
the siege with 30,000
• Blockading it to
prevent food and
supplies from entering
• Then the Union
gunships on the river
supported Grants
77,000 troops by firing
1000s of mortar shells
into the city
Battle of Vicksburg
• 47 days- Both sides had
many casualties
• 9,000 Confederate/10,000
Union deaths
• Fewer than 20 civilians
were killed in the siege
• A few days later, the South
lost Port Hudson in
Louisiana- The last
stronghold on the
Mississippi
• The Anaconda Plan had
worked
• Arkansas, Louisiana, and
Texas were now cut off
• July 1863 was a major
turning point
Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address
• November 19, 1863Soldiers’ National Cemetery
was dedicated at Gettysburg
• Former Mass. Governor
Edward Everett delivered a
two-hour speech
• Then it was Lincoln’s turn
• Lincoln spoke for about 2
minute (272 words)
• Lincoln was able to honor
the soldiers and the cause,
as well as state his vision for
the country
• “These dead shall not have
died in vain”
• Government of the people,
by the people, for the
people, shall not perish from
the earth”
n
How did the events at Gettysburg
and Vicksburg change the course of
the war?
-Defeat at Gettysburg ended the
Confederates hopes for invading the
North
-Victory at Vicksburg allowed the
Union to divide the Southern states
and control the Mississippi
Chapter 16 Section 4 Quiz
General Stonewall Jackson was killed at
Chancellorsville by a fall from his horse.
A. True
B. False
Lincoln replaced McClellan with
General Ambrose Burnside.
A. True
B. False
The Union army was comprised of
mostly African American soldiers.
A. True
B. False
The Gettysburg Address was given at a
ceremony to dedicate a cemetery.
A. True
B. False
The 54th Massachusetts was an
all female regiment.
A. True
B. False
Which of the following did not
lead the Union forces?
A. George McClellan
B. Ambrose
Burnside
C. Joseph Hooker
D. Robert E. Lee
General Lee hoped that a win in
the North might impress
A. France and Spain.
B. Spain and Britain.
C. Britain and
France.
D. Spain and
Germany.
General Grant led a 47-day
siege against
A. Port Hudson,
Louisiana
B. Vicksburg,
Mississippi
C. Atlanta, Georgia
D. Mobile, Alabama
By the end of the war, African American
volunteers made up nearly what percentage
of the Union army?
A. 20 percent
B. 10 percent
C. 100 percent
D. 50 percent
President Lincoln’s address at what
battlefield helped war-weary Americans
focus on their shared ideals?
A. Vicksburg
B. Chancellorsville
C. Shiloh
D. Gettysburg