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Download 1 EARTH SCIENCE is the earth`s rock layer is the earth`s water layer
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EARTH SCIENCE ______________ is the earth’s rock layer ______________ is the earth’s water layer ______________ is the earth’s air layer ______________carries away rock ___________ ______________weathering breaks things down but keeps the same substance Ex: ______________ weathering breaks things down and creates a new substance Ex: Forces of erosion: _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ Land formations/events found near plate boundaries: __________________ __________________ __________________ ------------------------------------___________ is a crack in the earth’s crust __________ is a bend in the rock Earth’s Structure: ________________ is the 1st/outermost layer ________________ is the 2nd layer ________________ is the 3rd/innermost layer The core has two layers: _______________ core which is ___________ _______________ core which is ___________ The mantle is made of _________. The magma moves in __________ which causes the ______________ plates to __________. Magma can rise through _________ in the ocean floor causing _____ spreading. ____________ _______ At one time all the continents fit together and was called _______________ 1 Weather The earth’s air layer is called the ____________ ____________ is the daily conditions in the atmosphere ____________ is the yearly average of the daily weather Climate is affected by: _____________ _____________ _____________ Layers of the atmosphere: ______________ (We live here) ______________ ______________ ______________ The troposphere is the only layer that has __________________ The atmosphere contains: 78% __________________ 21% __________________ 1% __________________ Air temperature is measured with a ________________ Air pressure is measured with a ___________________ ____________ is the moisture in the air ____________ speed is measured with an ___________ ____________ direction is measured with a windvane Forms of precipitation: ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ Insolation is I___________ Warm air ______________ Water Cycle processes: _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ ________________ _________________ S_________ R____________ Cold air _____________ 2 An _________ _____________ gets its characteristics from the area it forms over Land - _______________________ Water - ______________________ Cold - _______________________ Warm - ______________________ Continental polar ____________________________________ Continental tropical ____________________________________ Maritime polar ____________________________________ Maritime tropical ____________________________________ High pressure systems bring __________ weather & __________ skies Low pressure systems bring __________ weather & ___________ skies _____________ are boundaries between air masses Most weather travels from ________ to __________ Weather travels with the help of prevailing __________ And _________ __________ ______________ __________________ forms along fronts Cold front ___________________________________________________ Warm front __________________________________________________ ____________ connect points of equal temperatures ____________ connect points of equal elevation, depth, etc Astronomy Earth spins on its ____________. This is called __________________ 1 full rotation = ______________ 3 Earth __________ ____________ the sun. This is called _________________ 1 full revolution around the sun = ____________ ___________ occur because the earth is __________ on its axis Tilted towards the sun - ______________ Tilted away from the sun - ____________ Winter: _____ hours of light ____________ to the sun Summer: ____ hours of light _________ from the sun Autumn/Spring: _____ hours of light Gravitational pull is strongest when objects are ___________ to each other When earth is close to the sun we travel _____________ and the pull of gravity is _______________ The angle of the sun affects your _________________ The lower the sun the _______________ your shadow Low angles occur in ________________ and at sunrise & _______________ High angles occur in ________________ and at ______________ Types of celestial objects: __________________ __________________ __________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ Earth is in the ___________ system, which is in the Milky Way __________ which is in the _________________ _____________ à ________________ à _____________ à ___________ Order of the Planets M ________________ V ________________ E ________________ M ________________ J ________________ S ________________ U ________________ N ________________ * ________________ 4 The __________ orbits the earth & spins on its __________ ______________ = ___________________ It takes 29 ½ days for the moon to __________ the earth Apparent __________ is when an object looks like it is __________ even though it isn’t Phases of the __________ are caused by the earth’s apparent view of the Moon Phases of the Moon The ocean’s _________ are caused by the moon’s ________ & are ___________ An ______________ occurs when the _________, ________ and___________ line up ___________ eclipse occurs when the moon passes through the _________ shadow ___________ eclipse occurs when the moon casts it’s __________ on the earth. The Sun is _______________ gives off ________________ The moon is _________________ it is _________ by another source, the _______ The _________ of stars determines its temperature Red is __________ Blue is ____________ Stars are composed of _______ and ___________ 5 Rocks & Minerals All rocks are made of _____________ You can identify a mineral by its ____________ & ____________ properties Physical Properties: ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ Chemical Property: _________ reaction _____________ is hot liquid ___________ the crust _____________is hot liquid ____________ the crust Types of Rocks: ________________ ________________ ________________ ____________ rocks are made by cooling magma _________________ rocks are made by the cementation & compression of rock particles called _________________ Sedimentary rocks are the only rocks that contain _________________ ___________________ rocks are caused by constant __________ & _________________ The rock ______________ shows how any rock can change into another over __________ History of Rock Layers Rock layers form ________________ Bottom layers are _______________ Top layers are ______________ 6 Map Skills ________________ lines run east & west and never __________ The ________________ is a latitudinal line & separates the northern & southern __________________ _________________ lines run north & south and meet at the ___________ The _______________ _________________ is a longitudinal line & separates the western & eastern ____________________ Contour Lines ___________ lines connect equal points of __________ The closer the lines the steeper the _______________ The space between contour lines is the _____________ As ____________________ increases, _______ ___________ decreases LIFE SCIENCE __________ are the basic unit of _____________ things Unicellular - _________________ EX: ________________________ Multicellular - ___________________ EX: ___________________________ ________ à _________ à _________ à ___________ à _____________ All cells have ________________ Organelles have different ____________ All cells have these organelles: ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ Plant cells are different because they also have: ________________ ________________ __________________ fills the chloroplasts 7 Cell Division Two types: _______________ reproduction M______________ __________ cells _______________ to parent cell __________ # of chromosomes _____________ reproduction M______________ ___________ cells _______________ from parent cell ___________ # of chromosomes Three types of asexual reproduction: _______________ _______________ _______________ _____________________ _______________ is abnormal cell division Organisms carry out life ____________ Life Processes: ______________ ____________ ______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ Metabolism is all the _____________ processes that take place in an organism that are needed to maintain a stable ____________ environment Body Systems: ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ _________ _________ 8 __________ __________ _________ ______________system controls body activities. Main organs: ______________ ______________ _______________ system exchanges gasses with the environment Take in __________________ Release _____________ ______________ as waste Main organs: ______________ ______________ _______________ system breaks down food 2 types of digestion: _______________ _______________ Main organs: _____________ _____________ _______________ system transports materials throughout the body & to the _________ Main organs: _______________ _______________ 3 types of blood vessels: ______________ - carry blood ____________ from the heart ______________ - carry blood _______ the heart __________________ - connect arteries to ___________ 9 ____________ system removes wastes from the body Main organs: _____________ _____________ _____________ ____________ system supports the body Consists of: _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________ ______________ system moves body parts & organs Voluntary: _______________________ Involuntary: ______________________ _____________ system protects the body from foreign substances White Blood cells help the __________ fight _______________ 10 _______________ system regulates body activities with hormones secreted by ____________ Hormones are _____________ messages sent throughout the body Male Hormones: ___________________ Female Hormones: _________________ ___________________ system produces offspring Males: _____________ make ________________ Females: ___________ make ________________ ________________ takes place in the oviduct when the _________ fertilizes the __________ ___________ _______________ The fertilized egg is now called a ___________ The zygote makes its way to the ____________ where it develops into an ____________ The embryo _________ & develops into a fetus and continues to develop into its teens 11 Plant Reproduction Female reproductive system: _________________ Organs: ______________ ______________ ______________ Male reproductive system: _________________ Organs: ________________ ________________ ________________ _________________ occurs when pollen ___________ the ovary Self-Pollination - _______________________________________________ Cross-Pollination - ______________________________________________ Seeds provide _________ for the __________ embryo Seeds spread with the help of __________ ___________ __________ ___________ Metamorphosis __________________ is the life cycle of organisms through different ____________ Frog metamorphosis: ___________________________________________ Butterfly metamorphosis: ________________________________________ Grasshopper metamorphosis: _____________________________________ 12 GENETICS _________ is found in the nucleus of all cells DNA is made up of ______________________ ____________ are found on chromosomes ____________ are determined by the arrangement of genes in the DNA Genes carry out specific ________________ ________________ are changes in the genes Dominant trait - ________________________ Recessive trait - ________________________ _______________ _______________ show the probability of traits T Pure - __________________ Hybrid - _________________ t T % pure ____________ % hybrid ___________ t ECOLOGY The _______ is the main source of energy for plants, animals, & _________________ An _________________ is where living & _____________ things interact Plants obtain energy from the sun & use it for the process of _________________ to make its food 13 Other organisms get energy from the food they __________ (eat) _______________ are plants _______________ eat producers _______________ break down dead Material _______________ eat plants ______________ eat animals ______________ eat plants & animals _______________ preys on or hunts Other organisms _______________ organism that is hunted by the predator A _________________ is the unit for measuring energy in food ________ __________ show one path of energy flow between organisms ________ _________ show many paths of energy flow between organisms ________ _______________ show how energy is passed throughout an ecosystem In an energy pyramid, _______________ are found at the bottom because they contain the most _________ in an ecosystem. The _______________ use the sun’s ___________ directly for the process of photosynthesis 14 _______________ __________________ is when one community continues to change over time. __________ __________ Living things are ________________ based upon their characteristics K__________________ P__________________ C___________________ O____________________ F_____________________ G___________________ S___________________ ______________ show basic similarities ______________ show many similarities & organisms can _____________ Symbiosis - ______________ between _____ organisms 3 types of symbiosis: Commensalism: ______ organism benefits and the other organism is not __________ EX: _______________________________ Mutualism: _______ organisms _____________ EX: ____________________________________ Parasitism: _______ organism benefits and the other is _____________ EX: ____________________________________ 15 Organisms compete for: ___________________ ________________ ___________________ ________________ Levels of Organization- Ecology A ______________ causes organisms to _____________ to a change EX: When an organism is hot it ______________ & needs _____________ If not it can ____________ When an organism is cold it ______________ & needs _______________ If not it can __________ Responses can be __________________ ________________ help an organism to survive in its environment If an organism does not adapt, it can become ______________ or worse, _____________ ________________ creates variety among living things, increasing the ability for an organism to ________________ Organisms can __________ or change over a long period of time. 16 Evolution is the change over _________ in _____________ traits that help an organism to _____________ in its environment Simple, ______ celled organisms evolve (____________) quickly because they reproduce ______________ Complex, ______________ organisms take ___________ time to evolve ________________ resources can be recycled & used again ___________________ energy is electricity produced by the power of flowing water EX: _____________________ __________________ energy is produced by storing energy from the sun & converting it into usable electricity __________________ energy is produced by capturing the power of the wind when it turns a turbine ____________________ is saving & using natural resources responsibly 17 __________________ resources cannot be recycled & can’t be used again Effects of Burning Fossil Fuels: ____________________ _________________ ____________________ _________________ _____________________ _________________ __________________ energy is produced from the energy stored in the nucleus of atoms _________ ______________ are the main cause of __________ rain. Chemicals are released into the ________________ when _________ fuels are _______________. ______________ ______________ traps Carbon Dioxide in the _______________ which increases global warming 18 PHYSICAL SCIENCE _____________ are the building blocks of matter _____________ is anything that ________ & takes up space __________ is the amount of matter in an object _______________ is the amount of space an object or liquid takes up _______________ are pure substances made of _____ type of atom & cannot be broken down (Hint: They only have ____ capital letter) ___________ ___________ _______________ are 2 or more ______________ chemically combined (Hint: They have _____ or more capital letters) _______________ Elements are organized by their properties on a ____________ _________ A _____________ is when 2 or more substances are combined but DO NOT make a new ________________. Mixtures can be easily _____________ EX: _____________________ Phases/States of Matter: ______________ ______________ SOLID _______________ *______________ LIQUID GAS ________________ _______________ ________________ ________________ ________________ ________________ 19 Phase Changes: ______________ ______________ ______________ ______________ * ____________ Solid Gas _______________________ __________ is the measurement of the mass of a substance per unit of _____________ Formula: D = ________ or Density of Water: ______________ Objects less dense than water will _____________ Water line Objects more dense than water will ____________ Sample 1 Mass 43.5 g Volume 26.9 cm3 2 110.2 g 144.7 ml 3 7.1 g 18.8 cm3 4 22.7 g 11.2 ml Density Draw the objects showing whether they will sink or float based on their densities 20 ______________ ______________ alter the appearance of a substance but the substance is still the same EX: _______________________ ______________ _____________ create a new substance EX: ________________________ The Law of _______________ of _________ states that matter cannot be _____________ nor ____________, only change from one form to _____________ _____________ is a push or a ___________ _____________ is the amount of _______________ pull on an object Newton’s Laws of ______________: 1st – an object at __________ will stay at _______ & an object in _________ will remain in __________ unless acted on by outside ________ 2nd – Force = ___________ x __________________ 3rd – For every ___________ there is an ________ and _____________ reaction Types of Simple Machines: ______________ __________________ ______________ __________________ ______________ __________________ 21 _______________ reduces the motion of an object Energy is the ability to do ____________ ______________ energy – stored energy ______________ energy – energy of motion The higher the _______________, the greater the _____________ energy The greater the _________, the greater the _____________ energy As kinetic energy goes ________, potential energy goes __________ The Law of ________________ of Energy states that __________ cannot be created nor ______________, only changed from one __________ to _____________ Forms of Energy: _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ _________________ Heat is produced by ____________ molecules. More heat = ___________________________ When a substance heats up it __________ When a substance cools down it _________ EXCEPT for __________ 22 Heat travels from __________ to __________ areas/objects, until they reach the same ___________________ 3 ways heat travels: ________________ (space) ________________ (liquid & gas) ________________ (solids) Endothermic reactions ____________ heat Exothermic reactions _______________ heat ______________ _______________ _____________ & __________ travel in waves ______________ is the distance from crest to __________ or trough to ____________ _____________ is the height of the wave _____________ is the number of waves that pass a given point in an amount of time 23 __________ is the visible form of ____________ Light travels in a path called a __________ Light can be: = ___________________ _____________________ _________________________ _____________________ Light, smooth materials _____________ light Dark, rough materials _______________ light Translucent objects ____________ light to pass ______________ it Opaque objects ___________ light from ____________ through it ________________________ ________________________ 24 The _________________ Spectrum shows the range of electromagnetic ______________ that exists Low ___________________ Long ___________________ High ____________________ Short _____________________ Visible light is originally ______________. White light is not a single ___________. It is made up of the ______ colors of the ________________. The color you see is the color that is being ____________. All other colors are ____________ Sound is produced when objects _________________ The speed of sound depends on the ______________ of a substance. The denser the substance the ____________ it travels. Sound travels quickly through ____________ & slowly through __________ Sound cannot _____________ through a ____________ Outer Space = ________ Sound 25 MAGNETISM The area surrounding the magnet is called the ____________ _________ The end of magnet is called a ____________ There are ______ poles. _______ & ________ Like poles ___________________ The ___________ the magnets are, the _________ stronger the ___________ Unlike poles _________________ Electricity _________________ is produced by the flow of ____________ from one point to _________________. _________________ allow energy to flow _________________do not allow energy to flow through it Types of electrical circuits: _______________________ # of paths: ______________ If one bulb goes out: _______________________ _______________________ ______________________ # of paths: _____________ If one bulb goes out: _______________________ _______________________ 26 Lab Skills Scientists use the _____________ ____________ to solve problems & conduct ___________________ Steps to the Scientific Method: P - ____________________ H - ___________________ E - ___________________ O - ____________________ C - ____________________ A ___________________ is used to observe substances too small to be ________ with the naked eye A ________________ microscope uses _____ lenses to view small objects ____________ x ___________ ___________ = _____________________ ____________ x ____________ = _______________ magnification Microscope Steps: 1. ________________________________________________________ 2. ________________________________________________________ 3. ________________________________________________________ 4. ________________________________________________________ 5. ________________________________________________________ ______ adjustment brings the object into ________ ______ adjustment brings the image into ______ 27
