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Topic: New World Beginnings Aim: How did geography and exploration impact the development of indigenous and European culture? 1. Describe the movement of peoples starting in 25,000 B.C.E. across the Bering Land Strait. (Use cardinal directions and geographic descriptors!) 2. Select at least two geographic features. Explain why Paleo-Indian settlement sites and civilizations developed in those locations. Early Amerindian Cultures • What aspects of Incan culture might this figurine represent? • How did indigenous cultures in North and South America change and develop prior to European arrival? • How were indigenous cultures in North and South American different from those of Europe? Similar? Pre-Contact Concentrations of Indigenous Populations in North America • Describe the information about indigenous peoples provided by this map. • What connections could be made between approximate population locations and modern American place names? Patterns of Early Exploration and Trade • Why was the Silk Road utilized for trade before other routes? • What was the driving force behind European movement eastward? • Why were the Portuguese the earliest explorers? • How did Portuguese exploration impact the lives of Africans? Europe, Asia, and Africa: Early Global Trade • Explain the driving forces behind the Crusades (10951291). • How did Marco Polo’s return from Asia in 1295 change Europeans’ lives? • What factors drove European trade with Asia? • Who benefited most from this trade? Why? Marco Polo crossing the Strait of Hormuz (illustration from the first printed edition of The Travels of Marco Polo in 1477) Gorée Island Slave Fortress From this holding station off the coast of Senegal, thousands of African captives passed through the “Door of No Return” into a lifetime of slavery in the New World. Topic: Spain in the New World Aim: What were the origins of Spanish imperialism, and how did they affect indigenous cultures? •Why did the Spanish and English have Italian explorers working for them? • Explain the impact of the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) on European exploration. The Columbian Exchange • How did the Columbian Exchange transform both Europe and the Americas in both the short and long term? • Was the overall impact of the Columbian exchange positive or negative? Why? The Unification of Spain, the Conquistadores, and Empire illustration from Köhler Codex of Nuremberg; possibly earliest depiction of the conquistadores (1534) Maps representing the process of a nearly 1000 year conflict between Christian Spanish and Portuguese kingdoms and the Muslim “Moors.” • Why might young conquistadores be those most involved in the early process of exploration and control of Spain’s holdings in the New World? • How would the process of Spanish unification under Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile affect Spanish reasons for imperial expansion? • What reasons would conquistadores have for returning to Spain? For staying in the New World? • How did the establishment of a Spanish Empire change the balance of power in Europe? The Impacts of the Spanish Conquest on Indigenous Cultures Cortés and Malinche, ca. 1540 (detail) an Aztec view of the Conquest (1534) • Describe examples in the images above that depict cultural changes for indigenous peoples after the arrival of the Spanish. Spain: the First “Empire on Which the Sun Never Sets” • Describe how Spain’s holdings in the New World would have led to economic growth in Europe. • How might the British and French seek to challenge Spanish dominance? • Explain how the early Spanish colonial model might affect the process of British colonization. • How would Spain’s imperial power influence religious and social conflicts? • What challenges might have ended Spain’s Siglo de Oro (1521–1643) leading to a long, slow decline that stretched until the 1820s? • Analyze and explain the lessons that could be learned by the British from the decline of Spain’s Empire. Lesson Summary Be able to address these questions with specific examples (names, dates, events, historical developments)! • Describe the geographical development of indigenous cultures in the Americas. • Analyze and explain the political and social forces behind Spanish colonization. • Analyze and explain the short and long term impacts of Spanish colonization, both on Spain and the New World.