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Big Bang Theory
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Learning
A process through which
experience produces
lasting change in
behavior or mental
processes
A permanent change in
behavior based on
experience
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Behaviorist
Believe infants are born with only three
instinctive responses
1. Fear
2. Rage
3. Love
All others behaviors are developed during life
through learning
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The Power of Reinforcement
Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement
Stimulus presented
Removal of an
after a response that
unpleasant stimulus,
increases the
contingent on a
probability of that
particular behavior
Every time
Madge raises
her hand in class
response
happening
A child is allowed to
she is called on.
again
skip a required chore
She raised her hand
3 time during the
first class, 3 times in the second and 4
if homework is
times during the last class.
finished by a certain
time.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Positive Reinforcement
Negative Reinforcement
Something pleasant is
presented
Something unpleasant is
removed
Positive Reinforcement
Giving a treat to a dog
when it sits
(If this results in an increase
in the future behavior of
the dog sitting).
Negative Reinforcement
Turning off an annoying
song when a child
asks their parent and
says “Please”
(If this results in an increase
in the asking behavior of
the child).
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Watch video
Alfie Kohn vs Dwight Schrute
on Youtube
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The Skinner Box
An Operant Chamber…The Skinner Box
A testing device programmed to deliver reinforcers and punishers
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dependent upon an animal’s
behavior
Watch video
Skinner Box - Lever Press
on Youtube
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Skinner’s Air Crib
It was designed to make
the early childcare
more simple (by greatly
reducing laundry,
diaper rash, cradle cap,
etc.), while encouraging
the baby to be more
confident, mobile,
comfortable, healthy
and less prone to cry.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Primary Reinforcers
• Reinforcers that have an
innate basis because of their
biological value to an
organism
•
•
•
•
•
Food
Sleep
Sex
Air
Water
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Secondary Reinforcers
•
Stimuli that acquire their
reinforcing power by their
learned association with
primary reinforcers
•
•
•
•
•
•
Virtually any stimulus can
become a secondary
reinforcer
Money
Awards
Praise
Grades
Success
Power
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Premack Principle
• The concept that a preferred activity can be
used to reinforce a less preferred one
• Example: A teacher lets kids run around
(preferred activity) to reinforce a less
preferred one (sitting still and listening)
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Reinforcement
Continuous Reinforcement
A reinforcement schedule in which all correct
responses are reinforced
Possible Problems:
1. Correct responses
can be
missed,
causing confusion
2. Typically loses its reinforcing quality
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Reinforcement
Intermittent (or Partial) Reinforcement
A reinforcement schedule in which some, but
not all, correct responses are reinforced
Resistant to extinction
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Reinforcement
• Extinction
In operant conditioning, a process by which
a response that has been learned is
weakened by the absence or removal of
reinforcement
How does this differ from extinction in
classical conditioning?
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Extinction
Operant Conditioning
• A learned response is
weakened by the removal
or absence of
reinforcement
• A. If a child has learned
that if it cries it will get a
toy, withhold the toy
• B. A child cries for
attention, simply ignore
the child until the crying
stops
Classical Conditioning
• The CR (dog salivating) is
eliminated by repeated
presentations of the CS
(bell/tone) without the
UCS (food)
• A reversal of a learned
response by withholding
the UCS
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Technique where
Shaping
responses similar to
desired response are
reinforced
Example:
Getting a scared child to
slide down a high slide
Begin at the bottom, and
gradually go higher up
the slide with each turn
until the child is at the
top.
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Behavior Modification
Extinguish an undesirable
behavior by removing the
reinforcer and replace it
with a desirable behavior by
reinforcement.
Example:
Quit smoking --- chew gum --save $
It has been used on all sorts of
psychological problems -addictions, neuroses, shyness,
autism, even schizophrenia -- and
works particularly well with
children.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Schedules of Reinforcement
• 1. Ratio Schedules
Provide a reward after a certain number of
responses (Ratio = number)
• 2. Interval Schedules
Provide reward after a certain time interval
Fixed Ratio (FR)
Variable Ratio (VR)
Fixed Interval (FI)
Variable Interval (VI)
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Schedules of Reinforcement
Fixed Ratio (FR)
Variable Ratio
(VR)
Fixed Interval
(FI)
Rewards appear after a
certain set number of
responses
Example: A factory
workers gets paid after
every 10 cases of a
product are completed
Variable Interval
(VI)
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Schedules of Reinforcement
Fixed Ratio (FR)
Variable Ratio
(VR)
Fixed Interval
(FI)
Variable Interval
(VI)
The number of
responses for a reward
(reinforcement) varies
Example:
Telemarketers never
know how many calls it
takes to make a sale
slot machine pay-offs
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Schedules of Reinforcement
Fixed Ratio (FR)
Variable Ratio
(VR)
Fixed Interval
(FI)
Variable Interval
(VI)
Time period between
rewards remains
constant
Example:
Weekly paycheck
Quarterly school grades
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Schedules of Reinforcement
Fixed Ratio (FR)
Variable Ratio
(VR)
Fixed Interval
(FI)
Variable Interval
(VI)
Rewards appear after a
certain amount of time,
but that amount varies
Example:
Random visits from the
boss who delivers praise
Fishing
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The Problem of Punishment
Punishment
An aversive consequence
used to weaken the behavior
that follows
• How does this differ from
negative reinforcement?
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Punishment vs. Negative
Reinforcement
Negative
Reinforcement
Response
Consequence
Loud Noise
Press Lever
Loud Noise
Removed
Press Lever
Loud Noise
Applied
Punishment
No Noise
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Two Types of Punishment
1. Positive Punishment
The application of an
aversive stimulus after a
response
Touching a hot stove will
likely reduce the chance
of it happening again
Washing your mouth out with
soap for swearing
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Two Types of Punishment
2. Negative Punishment
(Omission Training)
The removal of an
reinforcer/stimulus after a
response
Taking the car keys from a
misbehaving teen
A child who talks back may not
be allowed to watch it’s
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favorite cartoon
Four Kinds of Consequences
STIMULUS
Positive or
appetitive
+
Present
Positive
Reinforcement
Bonus for working hard
leads to more hard work
Negative
Remove
Reinforcement
Aspirin curing headache
causes more aspirin use
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Negative or
aversive
Punishment
Getting speeding ticket
leads to less speeding
Omission Training
Missing dinner leads to
less staying out late
Why Punishment Doesn’t Work
1.The power of punishment usually disappears when
threat of punishment is removed
Punishment…
2. …often triggers aggression or escape
3. …may increase apprehension in the learner,
inhibiting the learning new and better
responses
4. …is often unfair and applied unequally
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When Does Punishment Work?
•
•
•
•
It must be immediate
It must be certain and consistent
It should be limited in duration and intensity
Should be clearly target the behavior, not the
person
• Limited to the situation in which the response
occurred
• Should not send mixed messages (I can hit you
but you can’t hit others
• Negative punishment is the most effective
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Alternatives to Punishment
• Extinction
• Reinforcing preferred activities
–The Premack Principle
• Prompting and shaping
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Operant and Classical Conditioning
Compared
• Classical Conditioning
involves the association of
two stimuli (UCS + CS) before
the response or behavior
• It is largely a response to
past stimulation and ends
with the response
• Operant Conditioning
involves a reinforcing
(reward) or punishing
stimulus after a response or
behavior
• Is directed at attaining some
future reinforcement or
avoiding punishment and
requires a stimulus that
follows the response
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007