Download Heart, blood, and circulation Assignment

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Heart, blood, and circulation Assignment
1)
List the four chambers of the heart
Left and right atrium, left and right ventricle
2)
List the four valves and what they separate
Tricuspid atrioventricular valve- between right atrium and right ventricle
Bicuspid atrioventricular valve- between left atrium and left ventricle
Pulmonic semi-lunar valve- between right ventricle and pulmonary artery
Aortic semi-lunar valve- between left ventricle and aortic artery
3)
Give the function of valves
Prevent backflow
4)
What are the 3 tissue types in the heart?
Pericardium, myocardium, endocardium
5)
List the two nodes in the body and explain their function. Be sure to mention
purkinje fibers
Sinoatrial (SA) node initiates the muscles around the atria to conctract once blood has
pooled in the right atrium
SA node then sends a message to the atrioventricular node which will use the purkinje
fibres to stimulate the ventricles to contract
Name:
6)
Label the parts of the heart
Superior Vena cava
Pulmonic semi-lunar
valve
Tricuspid
atrioventricular valve
Aortic semi-lunar valve
Bicuspid (Mitral)
atrioventricular valve
Inferior Vena Cava
7)
Explain the blood flow circuit. Start with the blood coming from the body to the
heart and end with the blood leaving the heart to the body. Use all appropriate
terminology
Blood will enter the right atrium via the superior and inferior vena cava. The blood will
pass through the tricuspid atrioventricular valve into the right ventricle. The blood will
pass through the pulmonic semilunar valve out the pulmonary arteries to the lungs.
Oxygenated blood will return to the left atrium via the pulmonary veins where it will be
pushed through the bicuspid atrioventricular valve into the left ventricle. It will then pass
through the aortic semilunar valve and out the aorta to the rest of the body.
8)
Explain how the autonomic nervous system is involved with heart contractions
The medulla will send messages to the heart to increase the cardiac output
Name:
9)
What is a “normal” blood pressure? Give the names of the top and bottom
number. What do those terms represent?
120- systolic- pressure exerted on the vessel walls when the ventricles contract
80- diastolic- pressure exerted on the vessel walls when the ventricles are at rest
10)
Compare arteriosclerosis to atherosclerosis
Arteriosclerosis- general hardening of the arteries
Atherosclerosis- hardening of the arteries due to plaque build-up
11)
What is plaque?
Buildup of fatty deposits, cholesterol, and calcium
12)
What is hypotension and hypertension and what are some associated health risks?
Hypotension- low blood pressure- low energy, dizziness
Hypertension- high blood pressure- heart attack, embolism, stroke
13)
Give the structure, location, and function of the 3 major blood vessels
Arteries- thick and elastic, near bone for protection, take blood away from heart
Veins- thin and has valves, near muscle for movement, take blood to the heart
Capillaries- very thin, everywhere, gas and nutrient exchange
14)
Describe the location and function of all the major arteries and veins discussed in
class
See notes in from class
15)
What are the main components of blood? What function do they all serve?
Cells- RBCs- transportation of gases (oxygen carbon dioxide), WBCs- immune response,
platelets- blood clotting
Plasma- mostly water but also antibodies, clotting proteins, vitamins, minerals, glucose,
Amiono acids
16)
Explain the mechanism of blood clotting
Vessel damaged
Platelet releases calcium and thromboplastin
The calcium and thromboplastin converts Prothrombin into thrombin
The thrombin coverts fibrinogen into fibrin (insoluble)
The fibrin creates an insoluble net that captures platelets and RBCs which form a clot
17)
Explain antigens and antibodies and the relationship between them
An identifiable marker on a cell (RBS) that will alert the immune system. Antibodies are
Y-shaped proteins created by the immune system. Antibodies will bind to antigens which
is called agglutination
18)
What is Agglutination?
See above
19)
What are the four major blood types? What is responsible for the difference
between them? How are the blood types decided by genetics?
Name:
A
B
AB
O
Their genes will determine what proteins are being created. The proteins in the cell
membrane of the RBCs will determine the blood type
AA, AO = A
BB, BO= B
AB= AB
OO= O
20)
Discuss the differences in the fetal heart structure and circulation
Umbilical vein will bring oxygenated blood from placenta to fetus
2 X umbilical arteries will bring deoxygenated blood from both iliac arteries to the
placenta
Ductus venosus- allows some blood to bypass the liver to maintain suitable BP
Foramen ovale- allows blood to go from right atrium to left atrium (lung bypass)
Ductus arteriosis- allows blood to go from pulmonary artery to aorta (lung bypass)