Download The Axial Skeleton Student PPt Notes

Name ____________________________________________________________ Period_____
The Axial Skeleton
The Axial Skeleton
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Forms the __________________________________ of the body
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Divided into _______________________
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_________________________________
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_________________________________
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_________________________________
The Skull
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Two sets of bones
o
__________________ – encloses & protects brain
o ______________________________ – holds eyes in anterior position & allows
the facial muscles to show emotions.
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All but 1 of the bones are joined by __________________________________________
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Only the ___________________ is attached by a freely movable joint
The Cranium
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________________ – forms ____________________, brow bone, superior eye orbit
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____________________(___) – form most of the ______________________________
of the cranium
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o
Meet in midline = _______________________________________
o
Meet frontal = _______________________________________
____________________(___)– inferior to parietals & join to them at the _____________
_________________________
o
Important bone markings found here
___________________________________________________ –
______________ leading to eardrum
_________________________________ – sharp needle-like projection
inferior to external auditory meatus (______________________________
for many __________________________________________________)
_________________________________ – thin ____________________
that joins w/ the zygomatic (_____________) bone
_________________________________ – rough projection posterior &
inferior to the external auditory meatus
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____________________________________________________
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____________________________________________________
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Close to middle ear & __________________________________
________________________________ – junction of occipital & temporal
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Allows for ____________________________________________
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Largest vein of the head – _______________________________
___________________________________ – anterior to jugular foramen
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Transmits ______________________________ (facial &
vestibulocochlear)
_________________________________ - anterior to jugular foramen
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____________________________________________________
________________________– most posterior bone of cranium forming _____________
__________________________________________
o
Joins parietals anteriorly at _________________________________
o
___________________________________ = large opening in base of the
occipitals (_______________________________________________________)
Lateral to the foramen magnum are rockerlike _____________________
_____________________ which rest on the 1st vertebra
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___________________________ – butterfly-shaped – spans the width of the skull and
forms part of ________________________________________________
o
__________________________________ “Turk’s saddle” = small depression on
the midline of the sphenoid, holds the ________________________________
o
_________________________________ = large oval opening in line w/ the
posterior end of the sella turcica (allows _______________________ (trigeminal)
to pass to _______________________ muscles of mandible
o
Parts of the ________________________ form part of the eye orbits
2 important openings:
1. ___________________________ (optic nerve)
2. __________________________________________ (cranial
nerves 3, 4 & 6 – eye movements)
o Central part of the sphenoid riddled w/ air cavities = _______________________
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_____________________ – irregularly shaped, anterior to sphenoid – forms _________
_______________________ and ___________________________________________.
o
______________________________ “cock’s comb” = superior ethmoid surface
projection – ______________________________________________________
o
_____________________________________ – holey areas on sides of crista
galli= ________________________________________ pass through from nose
o
________________________________________________ – extensions of the
ethmoid – form part of _________________________________________ &
____________________________________________ of air flowing
Facial Bones
*________________________
*________________________, only the _______________ and ____________are _________
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________________________(___) / maxillary bones – fused to form _______________
o
Upper teeth carried in the ________________________________________
o
___________________________________– extensions that form the ________
part of the _____________________________
o
___________________________________ – ___________________________
_________________, lighten the skull bones, ___________________________
as we speak
Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity
_____________________ (infection of sinuses) – can result in ________
________________________________ pain
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______________________ (___) – posterior to palatine processes of maxillae – form
____________________ part of __________________________________
o
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________________________________ = failure of these to fuse
___________________________(___) – cheek bones – form portion of _____________
_____________________________________
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___________________________(___) – fingernail sized bones forming part of _______
_____________________________________
o
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Groove serves as ________________________________________________
_______________(___) – small rectangular bones – form ________________________
– lower part of nose made of cartilage
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_______________ “_____________” (1) – median line of nasal cavity – forms _______
__________________________________________
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_________________________________________ (___) – thin, ___________________
________________________ from lateral walls of the nasal cavity
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________________________ (lower jaw) – largest, _____________________________
– ________________________________________ on each side of face, forming the
_____________________________________________________________ (find them!)
o
Horizontal part (body) forms the ________________
o
2 upright bars of bone (rami) extend from the body to connect the mandible with
the temporal bone.
o
__________________________ lie in ________________________________
The Hyoid Bone
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______________________________________
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_______________________________ w/ a
body and 2 pair of horns (cornua)
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Closely related to mandible and temporal bones
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______________________________________
______________________________________
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Suspended in mid–neck region 2 cm above the
larynx, ________________________________
______________________________________
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Serves as a movable ____________________
____________ & attachment point for neck
muscles (lower and raise larynx when we
swallow & speak)
The Fetal Skull
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Face small compared to size of cranium (skull
is large compared to body length)
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____________________________________
_______________; newborn is _________
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______________________ – fibrous
membranes connecting the cranial bones
o
Baby’s pulse can be ______________
_______________ spots (explains
their name “little fountain”)
o
Allow fetal skull to be _____________
______________________________
o
Allow infants ____________________
o
Largest fontanels are diamond shaped
anterior shaped fontanel and smaller
triangular shaped posterior
o
________________________________
_____________________ after birth
The Vertebral Column
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Serves as ____________________ of the body
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Extends ______________________, which it
supports, _______________________, where
it transmits the weight of the body to the legs.
•
____________________________________
connected & __________________________
creating a flexible, curved structure.
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_________________________ runs through
central cavity, protected by vertebrae
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___________________ = ________________
___________________ but _______________
________________________________ – the
____________ (5 fused) & the ___________ (4
fused).
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Each vertebrae is given a _________________
______________________________________
.
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24 single vertebrae
o
__________________________ vertebrae
o
__________________________vertebrae
o
__________________________vertebrae
Vertebrae separated by pads of __________________________________ –
____________________ discs – ____________________________________ while
________________________________________.
o
_________ person – discs = _________________________ – ______________
_________________________________.
o
As you _________ – ________________________________ – _____________
_______________________________________
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Can ______________________________________________________.
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Can __________________ from ________________________________
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____________________________ on ___________________________
_____________= ____________________ & excruciating ___________
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_____________ & _________________________________ of spine _______________
________________ to head when we walk or run.
o
o
_________________________ curvatures
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__________________________________ regions
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__________________________________
__________________________ curvatures
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________________ curvature appears ___________________________
_____________________________________
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________________ curvature when baby _________________________
_______________________ spinal curvatures
o
__________________ - abnormal __________________________ of the spine.
o
__________________ - Abnormal __________________________ of the spine,
resulting in ______________________.
o
___________________ - Abnormal _________________________ of the spine
in the _______________ region.
Vertebrae
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All vertebrae have a similar structural pattern.
o
_______________: disclike, _________________________ part facing
anteriorly.
o
____________________________:
formed from the joining of all
posterior extensions, the laminae &
pedicles.
o
____________________________:
_____________ through which the
spinal cord passes.
o
____________________________:
2 lateral projections from the
vertebral arch.
o
_____________________________: single projection arising from the posterior
aspect of the vertebral arch (fused laminae).
o ________________________________________
__________________: ______________ projections
lateral to the vertebral foramen allowing a __________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________.
Cervical Vertebrae
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7 (___________) – form the ___________ region.
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First 2 – __________________________ – are different
because they perform functions not shared by any other cervical vertebrae.
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____________ (C1) has _________________; the
superior surfaces of its transverse processes
contain large depressions that ________________
___________________________________; allows
you to nod “_________.”
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_____________ (C2) has a _________________
__________________ (_________ or
_____________________________), which acts
as a _________________________________;
allows you to indicate “_______.”
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C3 through C7 are the smallest, lightest vertebrae
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All transverse processes ___________________
_______________________________________________through which ___________
_______________ pass to the brain.
Thoracic Vertebrae
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____ with body somewhat __________________
______________ w/ ______________________
__________, which receive the heads of the ribs.
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_____________________________ is long &
______________________________________
(from the side looks like a __________________
head).
Lumbar Vertebrae
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___ w/ massive __________________________ &
________________________________________
____________ (looks like ______________ head
from side).
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________________ vertebrae – ______________
________________.
Sacrum
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Formed by the ____________________________________________.
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Winglike ________________________________ laterally ________________________
forming the ___________________________________.
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Forms the __________________________________________________________.
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________________________________________ roughens the posterior midline & are
flanked by ____________________________________.
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Vertebral canal continues inside the sacrum as the _______________________ –
terminates in large inferior opening called the ______________________________.
Coccyx
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Formed by ____________________________________, irregularly shaped vertebrae
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This is the human “____________________” – a remnant of the tail other vertebrate
animals have.
Bony Thorax
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Made-up of three parts
o
______________________
o
______________________
o
____________________________________
Often called the “_______________________________” b/c it forms a ______________
______________________ of slender bones to protect the major organs of the thoracic
cavity.
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____________________– “breastbone”
o
Flat bone that is a result of the ________________________________ – the
________________________________________________________________
o
__________________ to the __________________________________
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Three important bony landmarks:
1. _____________________________ (concave ______________ border of
the ____________________) – can be felt easily – generally at __________
2. ____________________________ - where manubrium & body meet formed at level of ______________ (reference to locate ________________
_______________ for ___________________________________________)
3. ____________________________ – body and xiphoid process fuse (level of
_______)
o
________________________________ used to get bone marrow tissue to
__________________________________________________________
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Ribs – _______________ – form walls of bony thorax
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Articulate w/ vertebral column posteriorly & curve downward toward anterior body
surface.
o
___________________ = __________________ – _______________________
to sternum by _______________________________________
o
___________________ = __________________ – _______________________
___________________________________ (______________________ are
called “_____________________”
b/c they are the ones not attached
at all)
o Contrary to popular myth – men &
women have the same number of
ribs!! ☺