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Name ____________________________________________________________ Period_____ The Axial Skeleton The Axial Skeleton • Forms the __________________________________ of the body • Divided into _______________________ • _________________________________ • _________________________________ • _________________________________ The Skull • Two sets of bones o __________________ – encloses & protects brain o ______________________________ – holds eyes in anterior position & allows the facial muscles to show emotions. • All but 1 of the bones are joined by __________________________________________ • Only the ___________________ is attached by a freely movable joint The Cranium • ________________ – forms ____________________, brow bone, superior eye orbit • ____________________(___) – form most of the ______________________________ of the cranium • o Meet in midline = _______________________________________ o Meet frontal = _______________________________________ ____________________(___)– inferior to parietals & join to them at the _____________ _________________________ o Important bone markings found here ___________________________________________________ – ______________ leading to eardrum _________________________________ – sharp needle-like projection inferior to external auditory meatus (______________________________ for many __________________________________________________) _________________________________ – thin ____________________ that joins w/ the zygomatic (_____________) bone _________________________________ – rough projection posterior & inferior to the external auditory meatus • ____________________________________________________ • ____________________________________________________ • Close to middle ear & __________________________________ ________________________________ – junction of occipital & temporal • Allows for ____________________________________________ • Largest vein of the head – _______________________________ ___________________________________ – anterior to jugular foramen • Transmits ______________________________ (facial & vestibulocochlear) _________________________________ - anterior to jugular foramen • • ____________________________________________________ ________________________– most posterior bone of cranium forming _____________ __________________________________________ o Joins parietals anteriorly at _________________________________ o ___________________________________ = large opening in base of the occipitals (_______________________________________________________) Lateral to the foramen magnum are rockerlike _____________________ _____________________ which rest on the 1st vertebra • ___________________________ – butterfly-shaped – spans the width of the skull and forms part of ________________________________________________ o __________________________________ “Turk’s saddle” = small depression on the midline of the sphenoid, holds the ________________________________ o _________________________________ = large oval opening in line w/ the posterior end of the sella turcica (allows _______________________ (trigeminal) to pass to _______________________ muscles of mandible o Parts of the ________________________ form part of the eye orbits 2 important openings: 1. ___________________________ (optic nerve) 2. __________________________________________ (cranial nerves 3, 4 & 6 – eye movements) o Central part of the sphenoid riddled w/ air cavities = _______________________ • _____________________ – irregularly shaped, anterior to sphenoid – forms _________ _______________________ and ___________________________________________. o ______________________________ “cock’s comb” = superior ethmoid surface projection – ______________________________________________________ o _____________________________________ – holey areas on sides of crista galli= ________________________________________ pass through from nose o ________________________________________________ – extensions of the ethmoid – form part of _________________________________________ & ____________________________________________ of air flowing Facial Bones *________________________ *________________________, only the _______________ and ____________are _________ • ________________________(___) / maxillary bones – fused to form _______________ o Upper teeth carried in the ________________________________________ o ___________________________________– extensions that form the ________ part of the _____________________________ o ___________________________________ – ___________________________ _________________, lighten the skull bones, ___________________________ as we speak Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity _____________________ (infection of sinuses) – can result in ________ ________________________________ pain • ______________________ (___) – posterior to palatine processes of maxillae – form ____________________ part of __________________________________ o • ________________________________ = failure of these to fuse ___________________________(___) – cheek bones – form portion of _____________ _____________________________________ • ___________________________(___) – fingernail sized bones forming part of _______ _____________________________________ o • Groove serves as ________________________________________________ _______________(___) – small rectangular bones – form ________________________ – lower part of nose made of cartilage • _______________ “_____________” (1) – median line of nasal cavity – forms _______ __________________________________________ • _________________________________________ (___) – thin, ___________________ ________________________ from lateral walls of the nasal cavity • ________________________ (lower jaw) – largest, _____________________________ – ________________________________________ on each side of face, forming the _____________________________________________________________ (find them!) o Horizontal part (body) forms the ________________ o 2 upright bars of bone (rami) extend from the body to connect the mandible with the temporal bone. o __________________________ lie in ________________________________ The Hyoid Bone • ______________________________________ • _______________________________ w/ a body and 2 pair of horns (cornua) • Closely related to mandible and temporal bones • ______________________________________ ______________________________________ • Suspended in mid–neck region 2 cm above the larynx, ________________________________ ______________________________________ • Serves as a movable ____________________ ____________ & attachment point for neck muscles (lower and raise larynx when we swallow & speak) The Fetal Skull • Face small compared to size of cranium (skull is large compared to body length) • ____________________________________ _______________; newborn is _________ • ______________________ – fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones o Baby’s pulse can be ______________ _______________ spots (explains their name “little fountain”) o Allow fetal skull to be _____________ ______________________________ o Allow infants ____________________ o Largest fontanels are diamond shaped anterior shaped fontanel and smaller triangular shaped posterior o ________________________________ _____________________ after birth The Vertebral Column • Serves as ____________________ of the body • Extends ______________________, which it supports, _______________________, where it transmits the weight of the body to the legs. • ____________________________________ connected & __________________________ creating a flexible, curved structure. • _________________________ runs through central cavity, protected by vertebrae • ___________________ = ________________ ___________________ but _______________ ________________________________ – the ____________ (5 fused) & the ___________ (4 fused). • Each vertebrae is given a _________________ ______________________________________ . • • 24 single vertebrae o __________________________ vertebrae o __________________________vertebrae o __________________________vertebrae Vertebrae separated by pads of __________________________________ – ____________________ discs – ____________________________________ while ________________________________________. o _________ person – discs = _________________________ – ______________ _________________________________. o As you _________ – ________________________________ – _____________ _______________________________________ • Can ______________________________________________________. • Can __________________ from ________________________________ • ____________________________ on ___________________________ _____________= ____________________ & excruciating ___________ • _____________ & _________________________________ of spine _______________ ________________ to head when we walk or run. o o _________________________ curvatures • __________________________________ regions • __________________________________ __________________________ curvatures • ________________ curvature appears ___________________________ _____________________________________ • • ________________ curvature when baby _________________________ _______________________ spinal curvatures o __________________ - abnormal __________________________ of the spine. o __________________ - Abnormal __________________________ of the spine, resulting in ______________________. o ___________________ - Abnormal _________________________ of the spine in the _______________ region. Vertebrae • All vertebrae have a similar structural pattern. o _______________: disclike, _________________________ part facing anteriorly. o ____________________________: formed from the joining of all posterior extensions, the laminae & pedicles. o ____________________________: _____________ through which the spinal cord passes. o ____________________________: 2 lateral projections from the vertebral arch. o _____________________________: single projection arising from the posterior aspect of the vertebral arch (fused laminae). o ________________________________________ __________________: ______________ projections lateral to the vertebral foramen allowing a __________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________. Cervical Vertebrae • 7 (___________) – form the ___________ region. • First 2 – __________________________ – are different because they perform functions not shared by any other cervical vertebrae. • ____________ (C1) has _________________; the superior surfaces of its transverse processes contain large depressions that ________________ ___________________________________; allows you to nod “_________.” • _____________ (C2) has a _________________ __________________ (_________ or _____________________________), which acts as a _________________________________; allows you to indicate “_______.” • C3 through C7 are the smallest, lightest vertebrae • All transverse processes ___________________ _______________________________________________through which ___________ _______________ pass to the brain. Thoracic Vertebrae • ____ with body somewhat __________________ ______________ w/ ______________________ __________, which receive the heads of the ribs. • _____________________________ is long & ______________________________________ (from the side looks like a __________________ head). Lumbar Vertebrae • ___ w/ massive __________________________ & ________________________________________ ____________ (looks like ______________ head from side). • ________________ vertebrae – ______________ ________________. Sacrum • Formed by the ____________________________________________. • Winglike ________________________________ laterally ________________________ forming the ___________________________________. • Forms the __________________________________________________________. • ________________________________________ roughens the posterior midline & are flanked by ____________________________________. • Vertebral canal continues inside the sacrum as the _______________________ – terminates in large inferior opening called the ______________________________. Coccyx • Formed by ____________________________________, irregularly shaped vertebrae • This is the human “____________________” – a remnant of the tail other vertebrate animals have. Bony Thorax • • Made-up of three parts o ______________________ o ______________________ o ____________________________________ Often called the “_______________________________” b/c it forms a ______________ ______________________ of slender bones to protect the major organs of the thoracic cavity. • ____________________– “breastbone” o Flat bone that is a result of the ________________________________ – the ________________________________________________________________ o __________________ to the __________________________________ o Three important bony landmarks: 1. _____________________________ (concave ______________ border of the ____________________) – can be felt easily – generally at __________ 2. ____________________________ - where manubrium & body meet formed at level of ______________ (reference to locate ________________ _______________ for ___________________________________________) 3. ____________________________ – body and xiphoid process fuse (level of _______) o ________________________________ used to get bone marrow tissue to __________________________________________________________ • Ribs – _______________ – form walls of bony thorax o Articulate w/ vertebral column posteriorly & curve downward toward anterior body surface. o ___________________ = __________________ – _______________________ to sternum by _______________________________________ o ___________________ = __________________ – _______________________ ___________________________________ (______________________ are called “_____________________” b/c they are the ones not attached at all) o Contrary to popular myth – men & women have the same number of ribs!! ☺