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Momentum for the Allies Today’s Learning Targets ● Students will be able to analyze how strategy played a part in the Allies turning the tide and why the Allies chose a Europe first strategy ● Students will be able to describe how the Allies turned up the pressure on Axis powers and began to go on the offensive. Shared Vision and Goal President Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin consider Germany to be the most serious threat. This led them to agree on a “Europe First” strategy. Battle of Stalingrad The Battle of Stalingrad was the turning point of the war in Europe. It put an end to any plans Hitler had for dominating Europe and the Soviet Union went on the offensive. Hitler had made a grave mistake and now, once again, Germany would have to fight a war on two fronts. Allies Force Germans Out of Africa America’s first large scale military effort took place in North Africa where the British had been fighting the Germans since 1940. General Dwight D. Eisenhower was appointed commander of the Allied invasion of North Africa. The Allies knew that controlling North Africa would help lead to an invasion of Italy. Old Blood and Guts vs The Desert Fox Two famous military leaders emerged from the conflict in North Africa, George S. Patton commanded American forces in North Africa and Erwin Rommel was in command of Germany’s Afrika Korps. They would earn the nicknames “Blood and Guts” and the “Desert Fox”. New Commitment In January of 1943, Churchill and Roosevelt met in North Africa to plan their next move. They made two very important decisions: ● ● They decided to invade Italy The Allies would only accept unconditional surrender Operation Husky Eisenhower was again placed in charge of the joint American-British force that invaded Italy. Italy’s rugged landscape made the advance difficult, but Italy surrendered on September 3rd, 1943. This should have ended fighting in Italy, but Hitler had expected this and sent German troops to slow the Allies advance. Strategic Bombing over Germany In early 1942, Britain and the United States began an extensive bombing campaign over Germany. The British dropped massive amounts of bombs throughout the night, while the American bombers targeted key political and military targets during the day. The goal was to completely destroy Germany’s ability to make war, but it came at a high price. The casualty rate for bomber crews was nearly 20%, but their continued raids helped pave the way for an Allied offensive. Allies Advance in the Pacific The Battle of the Coral Sea was a sign the America was down in the Pacific, but not out. The Japanese commander in the Pacific, Admiral Yamamoto, knew the U.S. Navy was still a major threat. He hoped to destroy the American aircraft carriers or at least force their retreat to California. Battle of Midway In order to accomplish this goal the Japanese would have to take Midway Island. This would force the American forces to retreat to California. What the Japanese didn’t realize is that the U.S. had broken their code system and knew they planned to attack Midway on June 4th, 1942. http://www.tubechop.com/watch/75 89125 Battle of Midway The Battle of Midway was a decisive victory for the United States, four Japanese aircraft carriers were sunk and Japan lost many of its best pilots. The United States only lost one aircraft carrier. The Japanese still had a powerful navy and committed troops, but they would never again be able to attack Hawaii or expand in the Pacific. After Midway, they were on the defensive. Allies Open a Second Front Joseph Stalin begged Churchill and Roosevelt to open another front in France to divide Germany’s troops, but both were hesitant in the early years of the war. That changed at the Tehran Conference in November 1943. The Big Three stated that coordinated attacks would take place and Germany would fall. Operation Overlord The Allies invasion of Nazi held France involved creating a fake army, landing a massive force of ground forces on five beaches, and air dropping troops behind enemy lines. On June 6th, 1944, known as D-Day, thousands of soldiers jumped down the ramp or out the door. Many would not survive, but those who did would lead the way to victory in Europe. Germany Falls Back Hitler’s Germany now faced a two front war with the Soviets advancing in the east and the United States advancing in the west. In August of 1944, the Allies liberated Paris, France. Battle of the Bulge In 1944, Hitler ordered a counterattack in the west.Germans then advanced and created a massive bulge in the American lines. Weather prevented bombers from coming to aid the Americans immediately and Germany nearly won, but when the weather cleared the Americans went back on the attack. The Battle of the Bulge was a desperate final attempt by Hitler to divide the American and British lines. It nearly succeeded, but it was a demoralizing defeat for Germany. Victory in Europe By January of 1945, both the Soviet Union and the American forces were nearing Berlin. The Soviet Union reached the German capital first. By this time Hitler realized that his dream of a thousand year reich was over. He and a group of his closest advisors committed suicide in a bunker as the Soviets advanced. On May 7th, Germany surrendered at General Eisenhower’s headquarters and the war in Europe was over. President Roosevelt’s dream of defeating Germany came true, but sadly he died several weeks before Germany’s surrender. Battle of Stalingrad After the German advance stalled, Hitler began to focus on controlling the southern oil fields. In order to achieve his objective he would have to take the city of Stalingrad. The Battle turned into a bloody stalemate that lasted five months with neither side gaining a clear advantage. Finally, German troops, starving, sick, and freezing, surrendered at the end of January 1943. Bellwork Explain how World War II impacted each of the following: ● Women ● Minority Groups ● The American Economy The Battle of the Atlantic The Lend-Lease Act had been an economic declaration of war against the Axis, but the problem was getting the supplies to the Allies due to German U-boats. In 1943, the Allies finally began to win the Battle of the Atlantic thanks to convoys, the use of radar, and depth charges. Tuskegee Airmen One of the major problems was bombers being shot out of the sky by enemy planes, but an all African-American fighter squadron known as the Tuskegee Airmen played a critical role in escorting bombers to their targets and protecting them. The Tuskegee Airmen flew more than 1,500 missions without losing a single bomber.