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Study Guide Middle Ages 1. Who was Charlemagne and what title was he given? · He was a king of the Franks · Pope crowned him Holy Roman Emperor 2. What was important to Charlemagne? · Spreading Christianity · Education 3. What is a manor? · The estate(land) of a lord 4. What is a fief? · Plot of land given to a vassal 5. Who was a vassal? · A lesser lord who pledged loyalty to a lord 6. Who was a knight? · A warrior who rode on horseback 7. What was chivalry? · A code of conduct for knights 8. Who was a serf? · A peasant farmer tied to the land 9. What was a tithe? · A tax paid to the Church 10. What does secular mean? · Nonreligious 11. Why was feudalism created? · People needed to protect themselves from violence and meet basic economic needs 12. Why were knights needed? · There were frequent wars fought between the lords 13. What was the relationship between a lord and a serf? · Serf gave lord a part of the harvest in return for land and services · Lord gave serfs protection from attacks by outsiders 14. What was the most powerful organization during the Middle Ages? · The Roman Catholic Church 15. What was the main job of the Church? · Serve the spiritual needs of the people · Administering the sacraments 16. Who knew how to read and write? · Usually only Church officials 17. How did the Church become wealthy? · It collected a tax called a tithe 18. What happened to people who did not obey the church? · They could be excommunicated; cut off from the Church 19. What were the Crusades? · A series of religious wars fought between Christians and Muslims from the late 1000s to the mid1200s 20. What was the goal of the crusaders? · To regain control of the Holy Land (Palestine/Jerusalem) from the Muslims 21. Who sent the crusaders to fight? · Pope Urban II called for the Crusades at the Council of Clermont 22. What were the causes for the Crusades? · Free Holy Land from Muslim control · Pope wanted to increase his power · Nobles wanted to gain wealth and land · Chance for adventure · Serfs wanted to escape feudal manor 23. What happened during the first Crusade? · Christian captured city of Jerusalem and massacred Muslim and Jewish inhabitants 24. Who was the Muslim leader who was able to capture Jerusalem? · Saladin was a Muslim leader who was respected by both Muslims and Christians 25. What were some of the major results of the Crusades? · Increased trade · Encouragement of learning · Hatred between different religious groups · Feudal kings gained power · Feudal system weakens 26. Which countries fought during the Hundred Years War? · England and France fought for land in France and over the throne of France 27. Who did Joan of Arc say was speaking to her? · Joan said that God spoke to her through his angels 28. What did Joan of Arc want to do? · Joan wanted to lead the French Army against the English in order to have Charles VII crowned King of France 29. Who captured Joan of Arc? · The English 30. What was the result of the trial of Joan of Arc? · Joan was accused of being a witch and of heresy [breaking church laws] · She was burned at the stake 31. What was the bubonic plague? · A highly contagious disease spread by the fleas that lived on rats 32. Where did the plague come from? · The outbreak began in China and spread into Europe 33. What were some of the symptoms of the plague? · Swelling and black bruises on the skin · Victims died in agony within a few days 34. How did it affect the population of Europe? · One in three people died (1/3 of population of Europe) 35. How did it affect the economy? · Farm and industrial production declined · Labor shortage led to workers demanding higher wages · Peasant revolts took place · Global trade was disrupted · Feudal system broke down