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Transcript
Chapter 42 Hormones & the Endocrine System Outline Endocrine Glands Hormones & the Endocrine System Pheromones Steroid Hormones Peptide Hormones Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland Other Endocrine Glands and Hormones Thyroid Parathyroid Adrenal Pancreas Gonads 2 The Human Endocrine System 3 Chemical Signals Hormones & the Endocrine System 4 Pheromones Chemical signals that work at a distance between individuals A woman’s axillary extract can alter another woman’s menstrual cycle Hormones Chemical signals that work - At a distance between organs, or - Locally between adjacent cells Target Cell Concept 5 Action of Hormones Hormones & the Endocrine System 6 Chemical signals produced by one cell that regulate the metabolism of other cells Peptide Hormones Most bind to receptor in plasma membrane First Messenger Causes internal release of cAMP 7 8 Chemical signals produced by one cell that regulate the metabolism of other cells Steroid Hormones Can cross cell membranes Human Endocrine System Hormones & the Endocrine System Endocrine glands Ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream - Most endocrine hormones are peptides - Only gonads and adrenal cortex produce steroid hormones Effects of hormones are moderated in two ways - Negative feedback opposes release - Antagonistic hormones oppose each other’s actions 9 Hormones & the Endocrine System Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland Hypothalamus regulates internal environment Acts through autonomic system Also controls glandular secretions of pituitary gland Posterior Pituitary - Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) Controlled by negative feedback - Oxytocin Controlled by positive feedback Anterior Pituitary - Hypothalamus controls by producing Hypothalamic-releasing hormones, and Hypothalamic-inhibiting hormones 10 Hypothalamus and the Pituitary 11 Anterior Pituitary Hormones Hormones & the Endocrine System Anterior pituitary hormones that affect other glands: Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Gonadotropic Hormones Anterior pituitary hormones that do NOT affect other glands Prolactin (PRL) Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH) Growth Hormone (GH) 12 Effect of Growth Hormone 13 Acromegaly 14 Thyroid Glands Hormones & the Endocrine System Produces hormones: Triiodothyronine (T3), and Thyroxine (T4) Thyroid hormones increase metabolic rate Thyroid-induced abnormalities Simple goiter - Poor hormone production Cretinism - Poor thyroid development Myxedema - Hypothyroidism Exophthalmic goiter - Hyperthyroidism 15 Simple Goiter The thyroid gland enlarges To attempt to produce more Thyroid hormones when It is Poor in hormone production 16 Cretinism Cretinism is caused by Poor thyroid development That results in no body growth 17 Calcitonin Hormones & the Endocrine System 18 Regulates blood calcium level (in part) Secreted by thyroid gland when blood calcium level rises Brings about deposit of calcium in the bones Low calcium level in blood stimulates the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH) Parathyroid hormone causes - Phosphate level in blood to decrease, and - Calcium level in blood to increase Insufficient production of parathyroid hormone leads to tetany Regulation of Blood Calcium Level 19 Hormones & the Endocrine System Adrenal Glands 20 Paired – One sits atop each kidney (ad-renal) Each consists of outer cortex and inner medulla Inner portion, the adrenal medulla - Produces Epinephrine, and Norepinephrine - Short-term response to stress (fight or flight) Outer portion, adrenal cortex - Produces Mineralocorticoids, Glucocorticoids and - Long-term response to stress Adrenal Glands 21 Glucocorticoids Hormones & the Endocrine System 22 Cortisol Raises blood glucose level Promotes breakdown of muscle proteins to amino acids Promotes metabolism of fatty acids Counteracts inflammatory response Mineralocorticoids Hormones & the Endocrine System 23 Aldosterone Promotes two renal functions: - Absorption of sodium, and - Excretion of potassium Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system - Raises blood pressure - Angiotensin II constricts arterioles - Aldosterone causes kidneys to reabsorb sodium (causing water retention) Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) is antagonistic to aldosterone Regulation of Blood Pressure and Volume 24 Addison Disease 25 Cushing Syndrome 26 Pancreas Hormones & the Endocrine System Made up up exocrine and endocrine tissue Endocrine Portion of the Pancreas: - Consists of pancreatic islets - Produce and secrete Insulin Secreted during high blood glucose level Stimulates uptake of glucose by cells Glucagon Secreted during low blood glucose level Stimulates liver to break down glycogen Exocrine Portion of the Pancreas: - Secretes enzymes and buffers into intestine 27 Regulation of Blood Glucose Level 28 Other Endocrine Glands Hormones & the Endocrine System Gonads Testes - Produce testosterone - Secondary sex characteristics Ovaries - Produce estrogen and progesterone - Reproduction - Secondary sex characteristics 29 The Effects of Anabolic Steroid Use 30 Other Endocrine Glands Hormones & the Endocrine System Pineal Gland Produces melatonin Involved in Circadian rhythms Thymus Gland Secrete thymosins Aid in differentiation of lymphocytes Prostaglandins Produced within cells Not distributed in blood 31 Melatonin Production 32 Hormones & the Endocrine System 33 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5xgFRj5eNuU &feature=related Watch this video to review the Endocrine system. Hormones & the Endocrine System 34 Action of Hormones video link: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZpUyu6XU80 M&feature=relmfu