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136. The central part of President Lincoln's plan for post-war Reconstruction was that A. B. C. D. E. 10% of those who voted in 1860 must take a loyalty oath Confederate leaders should be punished Confederate states be given the right to decide the status of slavery all Southerners must swear an oath of loyalty all Confederate states must accept the 14th Amendment 137. Radical Republicans opposed President Johnson's approach to Reconstruction for all of the following reasons EXCEPT A. B. C. D. E. he pardoned many rebel leaders many Confederate leaders were returned to the U. S. Congress Southern states were slow to repudiate secession black codes were enacted in place of slave codes the president moved too quickly to guarantee black rights 138. The Radical branch of the Republican Party was able to influence decisions of Congress during much of Reconstruction because A. it constituted a majority in both houses of Congress B. President Johnson was a Republican C. the actions of President Johnson and the Democrats encouraged Radical Republicans and moderate Republicans to work together D. they represented the views of a majority of Americans E. their leaders were effective compromisers 139. President Johnson was impeached by Congress following his attempt to A. B. C. D. E. limit the power of the military governors in the South discipline officials who enforced Civil Rights laws remove Secretary of War Stanton undermine the 15th Amendment eliminate the Freedman's Bureau 140. During Reconstruction in the South, the political impact of what conservatives called "Negro rule" was that African-Americans A. B. C. D. E. participated in politics but they did not dominate events constituted a majority of most state legislatures in the South were elected governors in several southern states dominated the Congressional delegation of the South were elected to public office in numbers proportionate to their population 141. Beginning in the late 1860s, the influence of African-American voters and black officials decreased largely due to A. B. C. D. E. disinterest on the part of black voters white violence against black political activists intervention by the federal government against black activists official corruption a belief that blacks had achieved their political goals 142. The symbolic end to Reconstruction occurred in 1877 when A. B. C. D. E. President Grant formally declared the end of Reconstruction federal troops were withdrawn from the South a pro-South Democrat became president Congress enacted a sweeping Civil Rights Act the Centennial Exposition heralded a new century 143. The four slave states which remained in the Union during the Civil War were A. B. C. D. E. Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas Kentucky, Missouri, Maryland, and Delaware Kansas, Missouri, Arkansas, and Maryland Tennessee, Kentucky, Arkansas, and Maryland Maryland, Delaware, New Jersey, and Missouri 144. In the election of 1860, all of the following were candidates for president EXCEPT A. B. C. D. E. Stephen A. Douglas John C. Breckinridge Abraham Lincoln John Bell George B. McClellan 145. In its Declaration of the Causes of Secession of December 1860, South Carolina charged that fourteen states "have deliberately refused for years past to fulfill their constitutional obligations." The part of the Constitution to which the South Carolina Declaration referred was the A. B. C. D. E. three-fifths clause fugitive slave clause process for amending the Constitution process for organizing new territories process for apportioning new representatives to Congress 146. All of the following occurred in 1876 EXCEPT the A. B. C. D. E. Battle of Little Big Horn invention of the telephone Centennial Exposition disputed election of Rutherford B. Hayes completion of the first transcontinental railroad line 147. The "Crime of '73" refers to the A. B. C. D. E. Battle of Little Big Horn establishment of the Mafia in New Orleans decision by Congress to stop coining silver dollars Chinese Exclusion Act end of Reconstruction 148. Boss Tweed dominated the voting process in which city? A. B. C. D. E. Philadelphia Kansas City Houston New York Boston 149. The Sioux leaders at the Battle of the Little Big Horn included Sitting Bull and A. B. C. D. E. Chief Joseph Crazy Horse Tecumseh Geronimo The Prophet 150. The first mass political movement of American women was the A. B. C. D. E. Liberty Party National American Woman's Suffrage Association Woman's Christian Temperance Union League of Women Voters National Woman's Party 151. Which of the following accurately describes the Chinese population in the United States in 1860? A. there were almost twenty times as many Chinese men compared to the number of Chinese women B. the Chinese migrated to the United States in families C. most Chinese migrants came from Asian cities D. Chinese labor was not utilized in the gold fields E. most Chinese owned their own businesses 152. As Secretary of State for President Lincoln, William H. Seward pursued a foreign policy that promoted A. B. C. D. E. the purchase of Alaska only a worldwide American empire an empire in the Western Hemisphere only war as a means of diplomacy a new steel-hulled navy 153. In what ways did the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 affect the status of American Indians? A. B. C. D. E. attendance at boarding schools was discouraged attendance at religious schools was mandatory the amount of tribe-held land was increased Indian nations were encouraged to pool their land holdings tribal land was transferred to individual Indian families 154. Within twenty-five years after its enactment, the effect of the Timber and Stone Act of 1878 was to A. B. C. D. E. distribute land in the West to small farmers irrigate the deserts of the southwest concentrate land in the hands of large capitalists reserve hundreds of thousands of acres for public works attract Chinese and Mexican settlers to the West 155. Hardships endured by farm families who settled on the Great Plains during the 1870s and 1880s included all of the following EXCEPT A. B. C. D. E. scarce supplies of water unpredictable weather cycles grasshopper plagues social isolation interference by the federal government 156. During the late 19th Century, "open range" ranching existed in areas where ranchers A. B. C. D. E. allowed their cattle to graze on public lands drove their herds from Texas north to midwestern cities allowed their herds to breed on the range with Mexican cattle adopted scientific methods of breeding allowed their herds to graze only on lands which they owned 157. The crop lien system which influenced southern agriculture within twenty years after the Civil War was based on the idea that farmers A. B. C. D. E. were self-sufficient would establish cooperatives to increase the volume of good produced would purchase supplies using a portion of a future crop as collateral lived entirely off the food which they grew would work together peacefully 158. In the Civil Rights Cases of 1883, the Supreme Court A. B. C. D. E. struck down the Civil Rights Act of 1875 established the principle of "separate but equal" institutions upheld a state's right to assess poll taxes validated the 15th Amendment supported the crop lien system in the South 159. During the late 19th century, the technique of distributing free samples of products was particularly useful for A. B. C. D. E. The Singer Sewing Machine Company Gustavus Swift's meat packing company Sears, Roebuck and Company J. P. Morgan's General Electric Company James B. Duke's American Tobacco Company 160. During the late 19th Century, vertical integration specifically allowed businesses to A. B. C. D. divest themselves of ownership in other companies expand their control over production and distribution as well as manufacturing avoid tariffs control the market by determining production and prices in common with other manufacturers E. control the market through oligopolies 161. Between 1880 and 1900, the number of women who worked as A. B. C. D. E. homemakers remained the same cooks and maids increased substantially secretaries and typists decreased textile mill operatives decreased substantially clerks increased substantially 162. In 1894, President Cleveland sent United States troops to Chicago to end a strike at the Pullman Palace Car Company, citing the responsibility of the federal government specifically to A. B. C. D. E. protect the mail maintain law and order confront anarchists prepare the troops for the Spanish-American War keep workers employed 163. Which of the following 19th Century labor organizations had a firm policy accepting black workers as members? A. B. C. D. E. International Ladies Garment Workers Union International Workers of the World American Federation of Labor Congress of Industrial Organizations Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers 164. During the late 19th Century, the nation's major cities demonstrated all of the following EXCEPT A. B. C. D. E. cities were physically divided by class and race mass transit lines allowed workers to commute to work many middle class families moved beyond the inner city the expansion of most cities was carefully planned industrial cities attracted large numbers of immigrants 165. During the last quarter of the 19th Century, the most significant source of population growth in American cities was A. B. C. D. E. annexation of neighboring suburbs an increase in the birth rate migration from rural areas immigration from abroad reduction in the death rate 166. During the late 19th Century, significant reforms improved living conditions in major cities in all of the following areas EXCEPT A. B. C. D. E. public health water purification street lighting tenement construction relief for the poor 167. Queen Liliuokalani, the reigning monarch of Hawaii, was dethroned in the revolution of 1893 largely because of A. B. C. D. E. a native revolt against the monarchy increased American tariffs on sugar a movement for democracy in Hawaii British interference anti-American sentiment 168. The Social Gospel movement of the late 19th Century emphasized A. B. C. D. E. a fundamentalist approach to religion social responsibility as a means to salvation German socialism interfaith ties between Judaism and Christianity a commitment to urban pluralism 169. During the last quarter of the 19th Century, all of the following sports were popular EXCEPT A. B. C. D. E. football baseball swimming bicycling soccer 170. During the last quarter of the 19th Century, American show business flourished in all of the following mediums EXCEPT A. B. C. D. E. vaudeville musical comedy minstrel shows radio circuses 171. All of the following examples of popular literature were products of the second half of the 19th Century EXCEPT A. B. C. D. E. Zane Grey's adventure stories Horatio Alger's storied of self-reliance and hard work Edgar Rice Burrough's Tarzan of the Apes General Lew Wallace's Ben Hur Louisa May Alcott's Little Women 172. The Civil Service movement of the 1880s was designed specifically to challenge A. B. C. D. E. the waving of the bloody flag Tammany Hall the spoils system high tariffs women's suffrage 173. One of the most prominent ideas associated with the Grange movement of the 1870s was A. B. C. D. E. economic cooperatives women's suffrage the single tax bimetallism racial solidarity 174. In the presidential election of 1884, candidate James G. Blaine tried to woo which group of disaffected Republicans back into the party? A. B. C. D. E. Silverites farmers New Immigrants Mugwumps Stalwarts 175. All of the following contributed to American expansionism during the 1890s EXCEPT A. B. C. D. E. Social Darwinism A. T. Mahan's, The Influence of Sea Power Upon History Josiah Strong's, Our Country the new navy the Platt Amendment 176. During the late 19th Century, the increase in population due to the New Immigration spurred the growth of A. B. C. D. E. private secular academies scientific schools Latin schools progressive schools Catholic parochial schools 177. During the Progressive Era, women reformers championed all of the following EXCEPT A. B. C. D. E. birth control women's suffrage occupational health and safety affirmative action urban housing 178. Booker T. Washington's "Atlanta Compromise" stressed the importance to AfricanAmericans of A. B. C. D. E. a liberal arts education manual training legal action to gain full civil rights constant political struggle full voting rights 179. Between 1910 and 1920, about one-half million African-Americans moved from the South to the North because A. B. C. D. E. racism had begun to decline in the North the cost of transportation had decreased markedly opportunities for farming were greater in the North wartime jobs were available in northern cities Black judges were more numerous in the North 180. The decision of the San Francisco School Board in 1906 to segregate Asian students in special schools led to the A. B. C. D. E. Root-Takahira Agreement Taft-Katsua Agreement Gentlemen's Agreement Jones Act Portsmouth Treaty 181. "Everybody is talkin' these days about Tammany men growin' rich on graft, but nobody thinks of drawin' the distinction between honest graft and dishonest graft. There's all the difference in the world between the two I've made a big fortune out of the game, and I'm gettin' richer every day, but I've not gone in for dishonest graft blackmailin' gamblers, saloon-keepers, disorderly people, etc. and neither has any of the men who have made big fortunes in politics." Which prominent observer and participant in urban politics gave this interview in 1905? A. B. C. D. E. Theodore Roosevelt George W. Plunkitt Peter Finley Dunne Richard M. Daley John F. Fitzgerald 182. Americans who believed in "progressivism" during the early 20th Century promoted all of the following EXCEPT A. B. C. D. E. scientific management in government involvement of the federal government in the economy moral reform in politics sustaining the traditional influence of political parties empowerment of the voters 183. According to John Dewey and G. Stanley Hall, progressive education should be A. B. C. D. E. directly related to the experience of the child based on memorization and recall of detail founded on classical study, especially Greek and Latin centered on the role of the teacher oriented toward business and vocational training 184. Although the actual reforms that they championed were diverse, women reformers of the Progressive Era generally agreed that the A. B. C. D. E. end to prostitution was the key to all other reforms involvement of women was essential to successful reforms virtues of piety and domesticity were out of fashion reform organizations must be run by men federal government must enforce all reforms 185. Between 1900 and 1920, there was a significant decline in the death rate from all of the following diseases EXCEPT A. B. C. D. E. typhoid diphtheria tuberculosis intestinal ailments heart disease 186. The writing of the muckrakers exposed corruption in all of the following areas EXCEPT A. B. C. D. E. municipal governments patent medicine child labor meat packing cigarette manufacturing and advertising 187. The future New York City police commissioner, Theodore Roosevelt, was deeply influenced by a book which revealed the "underside" of the city's slums, entitled A. B. C. D. E. The Financier The Bitter Cry of the Children How the Other Half Lives The Jungle Following the Color Line 188. The Triangle Shirtwaist Company of New York City was the site of an important event in 1911, when A. B. C. D. E. the American Federation of Labor signed an industry-wide contract a fire killed over one hundred women garment workers Jacob Riis exposed unsafe working conditions Boss Tweed was implicated in a bribery scandal a new design for tenement reform was unveiled 189. In 1910, Theodore Roosevelt articulated the "New Nationalism," a philosophy whose central tenet was that the A. federal government should regulate large corporations B. United States should build a world class naval fleet C. United States government should support banking initiatives throughout South America and Asia D. federal government should initiate public works projects to stimulate the economy E. government should fully fund Social Security 190. President Wilson, an advocate of government programs which benefited farmers and laborers, supported Congressional action on all of the following laws EXCEPT the A. B. C. D. E. Clayton Anti-Trust Act Adamson Act LaFollette Seamen's Act Federal Farm Loan Act Taft-Hartley Act 191. The concept of Dollar Diplomacy as employed by President Taft implied that A. the United States government should use foreign policy to protect American private investments abroad B. the United States government should purchase land for overseas private investment C. American private bankers should be employed directly by the State Department D. American tax dollars should be used to bribe foreign leaders E. American tax dollars should be invested in foreign banks within the United States 192. In 1903, President Theodore Roosevelt applied the "big stick" to diplomacy in the Caribbean when he helped organize a revolution in A. B. C. D. E. Argentina Mexico Venezuela Panama Nicaragua 193. "The working class and the employing class have nothing in common." This statement reflects the beliefs of which early 20th Century union? A. B. C. D. E. the International Ladies Garment Workers Union the National Labor Union the American Federation of Labor the Industrial Workers of the World the Knights of labor 194. Which of the following might indicate that the sport of baseball was well on its way to becoming a "national pastime" around 1900? A. B. C. D. E. baseball evolved from a British game baseball's rules were established in the 1840s baseball's fans were mostly working class men rival leagues played the first World Series in 1903 baseball was a less violent sport than football 195. The "Ludlow Massacre" refers to A. B. C. D. E. an attack by the state militia on striking miners racial violence in New York urban terrorism a battle in World War 1 a site in the Spanish-American War 196. Margaret Sanger, a reformer in the early 20th Century, is best known for her work on behalf of A. B. C. D. E. women's suffrage state orphanages children's hospitals birth control settlement houses 197. In an 1895 address, Booker T. Washington commented that "in all things that are purely social we can be separate as the fingers, yet one as the hand in all things essential to mutual progress." His comments implied that A. B. C. D. E. the right to vote was essential the United States government must integrate society blacks and whites could live separately and still work together blacks should return to Africa a college education was not necessary for black Americans 198. All of the following are accurate statements about the Great Migration of AfricanAmericans in the period 1910-1929 EXCEPT A. B. C. D. E. hundreds of thousands of black Americans moved to northern cities one of the incentives was higher wages in the North the black migration north stopped with the end of World War 1 the majority of African-Americans lived in the South New York City became an important part of black culture 199. Which of the following arguments was broadly articulated by women reformers to support the women's suffrage movement in the Progressive Era? A. B. C. D. E. women voters would soon be corrupted women would oppose the temperance movement women would oppose immigration restriction women's clubs would no longer be needed women has special experiences to bring to public life 200. For many well-educated black women in the early 20th century, the only professional opportunity was A. B. C. D. E. nursing teaching medicine business social work 201. The New Immigrants who migrated to the United States during the first decade of the 20th Century were primarily from A. B. C. D. E. Germany and England Germany, England, Ireland, and Scandinavia Canada and Mexico China, Korea, and Japan Italy, Austria-Hungary, and Russia 202. Alexander Hamilton's economic program was designed primarily to A. prepare the United States for war in the event Britain failed to vacate its posts in the Northwest B. provide a platform for the fledgling Federalist Party's 1792 campaign C. establish the financial stability and credit of the new government D. ensure northern dominance over the southern states in order to abolish slavery E. win broad political support for his own candidacy for the presidency in 1792 203. The development of the early nineteenth-century concept of "separate spheres" for the sexes encouraged all of the following EXCEPT A. B. C. D. E. acceptance of a woman as the intellectual equal of a man idealization of the "lady" designation of the home as the appropriate place for a woman emphasis on child care as a prime duty of a woman establishment of a moral climate in the home 204. The presidential election of 1840 is often considered the first "modern" election because A. B. C. D. E. the slavery issue was first raised in this campaign there was a very low turnout of eligible voters voting patterns were similar to those later established in the 1890s both parties for the first time widely campaigned among all the eligible voters a second era of good feeling had just come to a close, marking a new departure in politics 205. At the end of the Civil War, the vast majority of freed slaves found work as A. B. C. D. E. factory workers railroad employees independent artisans tenant farmers domestic servants 206. In his interpretation of the historical development of the United States, Frederick Jackson Turner focused on the importance of A. B. C. D. E. the traditions of Western European culture the absence of a feudal aristocracy Black people and Black slavery the conflict between capitalists and workers the existence of cheap unsettled land 207. During the closing decades of the nineteenth century, farmers complained about all of the following EXCEPT A. B. C. D. E. rising commodity prices high interest charges high freight rates high storage costs large middleman profits 208. The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine did which of the following? A. Prohibited United States intervention in the Caribbean. B. Warned against European seizure of the Panama Canal. C. Sought to end the wave of nationalization of American-owned property in the Caribbean. D. Declared the United States to be the "policeman" of the western hemisphere. E. Provided United States military support for democratic revolutions in Latin America. 209. By the end of the seventeenth century, which of the following was true of women in New England? A. B. C. D. E. They had begun to challenge their subordinate role in society. They were a majority in many church congregations. They voted in local elections. They frequently divorced their husbands. They could lead town meetings. 210. The First Great Awakening led to all of the following EXCEPT A. B. C. D. E. separatism and secession from established churches the renewed persecution of witches the growth of institutions of higher learning a flourishing of the missionary spirit a greater appreciation for the emotional experiences of faith 211. The Embargo Act of 1807 had which of the following effects on the United States? A. B. C. D. E. It severely damaged American manufacturing. It enriched many cotton plantation owners. It ruined American shipping. It was ruinous to subsistence farmers. It had little economic impact. 212. The National Road was constructed primarily for the purpose of A. B. C. D. E. demarcating the southwestern boundary of the Louisiana Purchase promoting trade and communication with the Old Northwest opening the Southwest to ranchers assisting the movement of settlers to the Oregon Country relieving overpopulation and crowding in the Northeast 213. The idea of Manifest Destiny included all of the following beliefs EXCEPT that A. B. C. D. E. commerce and industry would decline as the nation expanded its agricultural base the use of land for settled agriculture was preferable to its use for nomadic hunting westward expansion was both inevitable and beneficial God selected America as a chosen land and people the ultimate extent of the American domain was to be from the tropics to the Arctic 214. Apologists for slavery in the South in the 1850s claimed all of the following EXCEPT A. B. C. D. E. Slaves lived and worked under better conditions than most northern wage earners. Slaves were usually regarded as family members. Slavery brought Christianity to the slaves. Slavery was supported by the authority of both the Bible and the Constitution. Slavery would die out naturally. 215. The American Federation of Labor under the leadership of Samuel Gompers organized A. B. C. D. E. skilled workers in craft unions in order to achieve economic gains all industrial and agricultural workers in "one big union" unskilled workers along industrial lines workers and intellectuals into a labor party for political action workers into a fraternal organization to provide unemployment and old-age benefits 216. In the period 1890-1915, all of the following were generally true about African Americans EXCEPT: A. Voting rights previously gained were denied through changes in state laws and constitutions. B. Back-to-Africa movements were widely popular among African Americans in urban areas. C. African American leaders disagreed on the principal strategy for attaining equal rights. D. Numerous African Americans were lynched, and mob attacks on African American individuals occurred in both the North and South. E. African Americans from the rural South migrated to both southern and northern cities. 217. The Louisiana Purchase was significant because it A. B. C. D. E. eliminated Spain from the North American continent gave the United States control of the Mississippi River eased tensions between western settlers and American Indians forced the British to evacuate their posts in the Northwest reduced sectional conflict over the slavery issue 218. In the first few years of their existence, the textile mills at Lowell, Massachusetts, were best known for their A. B. C. D. humanitarian refusal to hire women and children as factory operatives brutal treatment of their work forces idealistic efforts to avoid the worst evils of English industrialization profit-motivated efforts to replicate the factory system of the English Industrial Revolution E. pioneering efforts to establish labor unions 219. At the beginning of the Civil War, Southerners expressed all of the following expectations EXCEPT A. the materialism of the North would prevent Northerners from fighting an idealistic war B. Great Britain would intervene on the side of the South in order to preserve its source of cotton C. Northern unity in the struggle against the Southern states would eventually break D. the economic and military resources of the South would outlast those of the North E. the justice of the South's cause would prevail 220. Which of the following constitutes a significant change in the treatment of American Indians during the last half of the nineteenth century? A. B. C. D. E. the beginnings of negotiations with individual tribes the start of a removal policy the abandonment of the reservation system the admission of all American Indians to the full rights of United States citizenship the division of the tribal lands among individual members