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Pantheon, Rome (126CE)
UNIVERSITY OF BEDFORDSHIRE:
EAST LONDON: ARCHITECTURE
TECHNICAL STUDIES
YEAR 1TECHNICAL
1 TECHNICALSTUDIES
STUDIES
1. Structure & Form
‘The Architect/Designer and the
Structural Engineer’
January-February
2. Climate & Shelter
‘The Architect/Designer and the
Environment & Services
Engineer’
February-March
3. Construction
‘The Architect/Designer and the
Builder’
March-April
4. Case Studies
In practice
May
TECHNICAL STUDIES: LECTURE SERIES
Pete Silver and Will McLean, Introduction to Architectural Technology (London: Laurence King, 2008)
Francis D.K.Ching , A Visual Dictionary of Architecture (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1997)
Derek Osbourn , rev. Roger Greeno, Mitchell’s: Introduction to Building, 2nd ed. (Harlow: Longman, 1997)
Jack Stroud Foster and Roger Greeno, Mitchell’s: Structure & Fabric, Part 1, 7th ed. (Harlow: Prentice Hall, 2007)
Jack Stroud Foster, Raymond Harington and Roger Greeno , Mitchell’s: Structure & Fabric, Part 2, 7th ed. (Harlow: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2007)
Alan Everett, rev. C.M.H. Barritt, Mitchell’s: Materials, 5th ed. (Abingdon: Routledge, 2013)
Peter Burberry, Mitchells: Environment and Services, 8th ed. (Harlow: Longman, 1997)
Alan Blanc, Mitchell’s: Internal Components (Harlow: Longman, 1994)
Michael McEvoy, Mitchell’s Building Series: External Components (Abingdon: Routledge, 2014)
Yvonne Dean, Mitchell’s Building Series: Finishes, 4th ed. (Abingdon: Routledge, 2014)
Yvonne Dean, Mitchell’s: Materials Technology (Harlow: Longman, 1996)
J. B. McKay, McKay’s Building Construction (Shaftesbury: Donhead, 2005); also available as separate volumes
Sophie Pelsmakers, The Environment Design Pocketbook (London: RIBA, 2012)
Charlotte Baden-Powell, Jonathan Hetreed and Ann Ross, Architect’s Pocket Book, 4th ed. (Oxford: Architectural Press, 2011)
Matthys Levy and Mario Salvadori, Why Buildings Stand Up: The Strength of Architecture(London: W.W. Norton, 1990)
Matthys Levy and Mario Salvadori, Why Buildings Fall Down: How Structures Fail (London: W.W. Norton, 1992)
Austin Williams, Shortcuts: Book 1: Structure and Fabric (London: RIBA, 2008)
Austin Williams, Shortcuts: Book 2: Sustainability and Practice(London: RIBA, 2008)
RECOMMENDED READING: BOOKS
Architects’ Journal
RECOMMENDED READING: MAGAZINES / SERIES
Architects’ Working Details (Architect’s Journal/EMAP)
Detail magazine
RECOMMENDED READING: MAGAZINES / SERIES
LECTURE 1:
INTRODUCTION TO STRUCTURAL PRINCIPLES, BEAMS AND COLUMNS
LECTURE 2:
BEARING WALLS, FOUNDATIONS AND STRUCTURAL OPENINGS
LECTURE 3:
TRUSSES, FRAME STRUCTURES AND SLABS
LECTURE 4:
COMPLEX STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
LECTURE SERIES 1: STRUCTURE AND FORM
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS IN NATURE
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS IN NATURE
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS IN NATURE
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS IN NATURE
King’s Cross Station, London by John McAslan & Partners, 2012
STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS IN ARCHITECTURE
St Chapelle, Paris, 13th century
FORCES IN ARCHITECTURE: LIVE AND DEAD LOADS
FORCES IN ARCHITECTURE: EQUILIBRIUM
Sir Isaac Newton (1643-1727)
1. A body remains at rest or in motion with a constant velocity in a straight line
unless an external force acts on it (Law of Inertia)
2. Force (Newton) = Mass (kg) x Acceleration (m/s2)
(Gravity on earth = approx. 9.8m/s2)
3. For every force acting on a body, the body exerts a force having equal
magnitude in the opposite direction (Law of Action and Reaction)
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES: NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES: FORCES ACTING ON A BODY
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES: FORCES ACTING ON A BODY
f (stress) = P (force) / A (area)
UNITS: N/mm2 (1 Pascal (Pa) = 1 N/m2)
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES: STRESS
Materials react to stress by distributing it in
such a way that there is an equal balance of
internal forces. The result is a change in the
form of the structure, equal to:
Change in size (∆L)
Strain =
Original size (L)
UNITS: % or decimal
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES: STRAIN
(yield point)
Elastic deformation – internal structures remain the same, but are stretched when a stress is applied,
returning to their original shape when the stress is removed.
Plastic deformation – internal structures deform to a new shape when stress is applied (e.g. lead)
– a material that experiences little plastic deformation is brittle
The ability of a material to resist elastic deformation (prior to failure) determines its strength.
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES: ELASTIC AND PLASTIC DEFORMATION
strong material
(yield point)
weak material
Young’s Modulus, or ‘Modulus of Elasticity’, defines the stiffness/flexibility of a material
Young’s Modulus = Stress
Strain
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES: STIFFNESS / FLEXIBILITY
[UNITS: N/m2 (Pa)]
A stiff material has a high Young’s
Modulus; a flexible material has a
low Young’s Modulus
(stiffness)
Stiffness tends to increase with material density (with some exceptions)
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES: STIFFNESS AND DENSITY
Pathenon, Athens, 5th century BC
Abbé Marc-Antoine Laugier:
Essai sur l'Architecture [Essay on Architecture], 1755 frontispiece
COLUMN AND BEAM: ORGINS AND ARCHITECTURE
BEAMS
Transfer of Loads
Turning Moments
Bending
Deflection
(Shear)
Active force/load
Transfer of load to supports
Reaction
BEAMS: TRANSFER OF LOADS
Reaction
Turning moment = w (force) x L (lever arm)
UNITS: Nm (Newton metres)
BEAMS: TURNING MOMENTS
max. compression
max. tension
BEAMS: BENDING
resisting
moment
in wall
bending
moment
created
by load
1. CANTILEVER BEAM
deflection
2. SINGLE SPAN BEAM
bending moments
equal and opposite
create equilibrium
The depth of the beam is critical to
minimise stresses and to maximise
the beam’s efficiency.
BEAMS: BENDING AND DEFLECTION
T
C
C
T
BEAMS: SHEAR
COLUMNS
Buckling
Effective Height
Eccentric Loading
• The more slender a column, the greater its tendency to buckle.
• Buckling can occur in any direction, so column sections are ideally round or
square hollow sections with material concentrated on the outside edges (as
with the flanges of a steel beam)
COLUMNS: BUCKLING
COLUMNS: EFFECTIVE HEIGHT
• Loads should usually be concentrated in the middle third of the horizontal
section of the column to prevent tensile stresses developing
COLUMNS: ECCENTRIC LOADING
Material
Max. tensile stress
(N/mm2)
Max. compressive
stress (N/mm2)
Young’s Modulus
(kN/mm2)
Steel
300
300
200
Timber
60
30
10
Stone
1
100
50
Concrete
5
50
30
Brickwork
1
20
20
Aluminium
300
300
70
Glass
5
175
70
INTRODUCTION TO STRUCTURAL PRINCIPLES, BEAMS AND COLUMNS : MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS
COMPOSITE BEAMS: CONCRETE BEAMS WITH STEEL REINFORCEMENT
COMPOSITE BEAMS: POST-TENSIONG
CONCRETE BEAMS
CONCRETE BEAMS: BEAM AND BLOCK FLOOR STRUCTURE
TIMBER BEAMS: TRADITIONAL AND MODERN
TIMBER BEAMS: CONCRETE AND STONE LINTELS
TIMBER BEAMS: STEEL LINTEL AND TIMBER FLOOR JOISTS
TYPICAL BEAM SPANS
Rolled steel sections
Span : Depth Ratio 20:1
Timber floor joists (50mm wide, 450mm centres)
Depth = (Span+25mm)/25
Glulam beams
Span: Depth ratio 18:1
Reinforced concrete floor beams
Span : Depth ratio 23:1
BEAMS: TYPICAL SPANS
Nordic Pavilion, Venice Biennale
Sverre Fehn, 1957
Nordic Pavilion, Venice Biennale
Sverre Fehn, 1957
Nordic Pavilion, Venice Biennale
Sverre Fehn, 1957
S.R. Crown Hall, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, 1956
John Hope Gateway Centre at Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh
Edward Cullinan Architects, 2010
John Hope Gateway Centre at Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh
Edward Cullinan Architects, 2010
John Hope Gateway Centre at Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh
Edward Cullinan Architects, 2010
f (STRESS) = P (force) / A (area)
SUMMARY
• Structural Systems in Nature
• Structural Systems in Architecture
• Forces in Architecture:
• Fundamental Principles:
Live and Dead Loads
Equilibrium
Newton’s Laws of Motion
Forces Acting on a Body
Stress
Strain
Elastic and Plastic Deformation
Stiffness and Flexibility
• Column and Beam: Origins and Architecture
• Beams:
• Columns:
Transfer of Loads
Turning Moments
Bending
Deflection
Shear
Buckling
Effective Height
Eccentric Loading
UNITS: N/mm2 (1 Pascal (Pa) = 1 N/m2)
STRAIN = Change in size (∆L)
Original size (L)
UNITS: % or decimal
YOUNG’S = Stress
Strain
MODULUS
UNITS: N/mm2 (Pa)
A stiff material has
a high Young’s
Modulus; a flexible
material has a low
Young’s Modulus
Turning moment = w (force) x
UNITS: Nm
L (lever arm)
NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION
1.
A body remains at rest or in motion with a constant velocity in a straight line unless an external force acts on it
2.
Force (Newton) = Mass (kg) x Acceleration (m/s2) (Gravity on earth = approx. 9.8m/s2)
3.
For every force acting on a body, the body exerts a force having equal magnitude in the opposite direction
UNIVERSITY OF EAST
INTRODUCTION
TO STRUCTURAL
LONDON: ARCHITECTURE
PRINCIPLES, BEAMS AND COLUMNS : SUMMARY
YEAR 1 TECHNICAL STUDIES