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Chapter 11-2 • Imperialism – I) Colonial Control Takes Many Forms – II) Patterns of Imperialist Management – III) A British Colony – IV) African Resistance – V) Impact of Colonial Rule I) Colonial Control Takes Many Forms • Imperialism was about the ability of the European’s to control the land, people and resources. • Imperialism changed from the 15th century into the 18th and 19th century. • In the earlier period the imperial powers did not penetrate far into the conquered lands nor did they have a substantial influence on the lives of the people. • In the new period Europeans demanded more influence on the economy and the lives of people, and wanted them to adopt European customs. • Europeans used 4 methods to control the people – Colony; a country or region governed internally by a foreign power – Protectorate; a country or territory with its own internal government but under the control of an outside power. – Sphere of Influence; an area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges. – Economic Imperialism; independent but less developed nations controlled by private business interests rather than by other governments. II) Patterns of Imperialist Management • Two methods of internal management of colonies appeared – Indirect control relied on existing political rulers. In time the local population would learn to govern itself • Britain and the United States used this model – Direct Control felt the that local population was unable to handle the complexities of running a country, and Europeans needed to govern people in a fatherly way (paternalism) • France supported a policy of assimilation, where the local population would be absorbed into French culture III) A British Colony • Britain had outlawed the slave trade (1807) and freed some slaves who helped them gain control in Nigeria • The Royal Niger Company gained control of the palm-oil trade and the Berlin Conference gave Britain the lands along the Niger River (1884) • In 1914 Britain claimed the entire region of Nigeria. • Nigeria is on of the most diverse areas of Africa, and Britain did not have enough Troops to control it so they relied on indirect rule • This worked well in the North, but in the South they appointed inexperienced chiefs which led to problems IV) African Resistance • Africans resisted colonial rule, despite a lack of adequate organization and weapons. • Sometimes African societies tried to form alliances with the Europeans to defeat rivals, hoping the agreements would allow them to remain independent. • In some cases Europeans did help, but turned on their African allies soon afterward. • Algeria resisted France for 50 years and Samori Tuure led a resistance in West Africa for 15 years • Menelik II led Ethiopia in the only successful African resistance to the European rule by playing the Italians, French and British against each other. • In one of the greatest battles in African history, Menelik’s Ethiopian forces successfully defeated the Italians in the Battle of Adowa, maintaining their nation’s independence. V) Impact of Colonial Rule - European colonial rule forever altered African lives. - Colonialism has had both positive and negative effects on African lands and peoples – Negative – Positive • Lost control of their lands • Reduced local warfare • Improved sanitation, hospitals, schools • Literacy rates improved • Economic growth • Many died of new diseases such as small pox • Many died resisting Europeans • Famines resulted from change to cash crops instead of subsistence farming • Breakdown of traditional culture