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Chapter 11 Section 2
Imperialism
Objective: Analyze Britain’s
rule of Nigeria & compare it
with other types of
Imperialism
Vocabulary: Paternalism,
Assimilation, & Menelik II
Setting the Stage
• Europeans argued &
fought among themselves
over the lands of Africa
• They paid little or no
attention to historical
political divisions or to the
many ethnic & language
groupings in Africa
• In the minds of most
Europeans was the
ability to control
Africa’s land, its
people, & its resources
A New Period of Imperialism
• Europeans demanded more
influence over the economic,
political, & social lives of the
people they conquered
• Each European nation had
certain policies & goals for
establishing colonies
• 4 forms of colonial control
emerged (colony, protectorate,
sphere of influence, &
economic imperialism)
• Two basic methods of
management emerged
(indirect & direct)
Indirect Control
• Indirect control relied on
existing political rulers
• British would have local
rulers handle most of the
daily management of the
colony
• The assumption was that the
legislative councils that were
set up would train local leaders
& would be able to eventually
govern themselves
Direct Control
• Other European powers viewed Africans as
unable to handle the complex business of
running a country
• Paternalism: a policy of treating
subject people as if they were children,
providing for their needs but not giving
them rights
• Assimilation: a policy in which a nation
forces or encourages a subject people
to adopt its institutions & customs
• All local schools, courts, & businesses were
patterned after French institutions
• However, they still recognized African
institutions as inferior to French culture
A British Colony: Nigeria
• Britain gained control of
southern Nigeria through both
diplomatic & military means
• Some local rulers agreed to treaties
while others rebelled against foreign
rule
• British conquest of northern Nigeria
was driven by their desire of the palm
oil trade along the Niger River
• Nigeria was one of the most
culturally diverse areas in Africa
• In 1914, the British claimed the entire
region as a colony, using the indirect
method of management
African Resistance
• Africans across the continent
resisted European attempts to
colonize their lands
• However, the contest between
African states & European
powers was never equal because
of Europeans’ superior arms
• The unsuccessful resistance
attempts included active
military & resistance
through religious
movements
Ethiopia: A Successful Resistance
• Ethiopia was the only African
nation that successfully
resisted the Europeans
• Menelik II played the Italians,
French, & British against each
other
• Ethiopia purchased weapons from
Russia & France
• Italy betrayed Menelik through their
contract & he declared war
• Ethiopia successfully defeated
the Italians & kept their nation
independent
Negative Effects
• On the negative side of
imperialism, Africans lost
control of their land & their
independence
• Africans suffered from diseases,
famine, & a breakdown of their
traditional cultures
• The most harmful political
legacy from colonial rule was
the division of the African
continent
• These boundaries continue to
create problems for the nations
that evolved from the former
colonies
Positive Effects
• On the positive side,
colonialism reduced local
warfare
• Humanitarian efforts improved
sanitation, provided hospitals, &
set up schools
• Life-spans increased & literacy
rates improved
• To aid economic growth,
railroads, dams, &
telephone lines were built
in African colonies
Check for Understanding
• To prevent more conflict, 14 European nations
met to lay down the rules for the division of
Africa at the ___________ Conference.
A. Paris
B. London
C. Berlin
Check for Understanding
• Do you think implementing Assimilation will
affect social or economic forces within a
country?