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Chapter 11 Section 2 Imperialism Objective: Analyze Britain’s rule of Nigeria & compare it with other types of Imperialism Vocabulary: Paternalism, Assimilation, & Menelik II Setting the Stage • Europeans argued & fought among themselves over the lands of Africa • They paid little or no attention to historical political divisions or to the many ethnic & language groupings in Africa • In the minds of most Europeans was the ability to control Africa’s land, its people, & its resources A New Period of Imperialism • Europeans demanded more influence over the economic, political, & social lives of the people they conquered • Each European nation had certain policies & goals for establishing colonies • 4 forms of colonial control emerged (colony, protectorate, sphere of influence, & economic imperialism) • Two basic methods of management emerged (indirect & direct) Indirect Control • Indirect control relied on existing political rulers • British would have local rulers handle most of the daily management of the colony • The assumption was that the legislative councils that were set up would train local leaders & would be able to eventually govern themselves Direct Control • Other European powers viewed Africans as unable to handle the complex business of running a country • Paternalism: a policy of treating subject people as if they were children, providing for their needs but not giving them rights • Assimilation: a policy in which a nation forces or encourages a subject people to adopt its institutions & customs • All local schools, courts, & businesses were patterned after French institutions • However, they still recognized African institutions as inferior to French culture A British Colony: Nigeria • Britain gained control of southern Nigeria through both diplomatic & military means • Some local rulers agreed to treaties while others rebelled against foreign rule • British conquest of northern Nigeria was driven by their desire of the palm oil trade along the Niger River • Nigeria was one of the most culturally diverse areas in Africa • In 1914, the British claimed the entire region as a colony, using the indirect method of management African Resistance • Africans across the continent resisted European attempts to colonize their lands • However, the contest between African states & European powers was never equal because of Europeans’ superior arms • The unsuccessful resistance attempts included active military & resistance through religious movements Ethiopia: A Successful Resistance • Ethiopia was the only African nation that successfully resisted the Europeans • Menelik II played the Italians, French, & British against each other • Ethiopia purchased weapons from Russia & France • Italy betrayed Menelik through their contract & he declared war • Ethiopia successfully defeated the Italians & kept their nation independent Negative Effects • On the negative side of imperialism, Africans lost control of their land & their independence • Africans suffered from diseases, famine, & a breakdown of their traditional cultures • The most harmful political legacy from colonial rule was the division of the African continent • These boundaries continue to create problems for the nations that evolved from the former colonies Positive Effects • On the positive side, colonialism reduced local warfare • Humanitarian efforts improved sanitation, provided hospitals, & set up schools • Life-spans increased & literacy rates improved • To aid economic growth, railroads, dams, & telephone lines were built in African colonies Check for Understanding • To prevent more conflict, 14 European nations met to lay down the rules for the division of Africa at the ___________ Conference. A. Paris B. London C. Berlin Check for Understanding • Do you think implementing Assimilation will affect social or economic forces within a country?