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5/14/10 Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System NEW AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? I. Exocrine vs. Endocrine glands I. Exocrine vs. Endocrine glands A. Exocrine B. Endocrine - have ducts (tubes made of cells) that carry secretion products to an outside surface Ex. Sweat (eccrine), sebaceous, mammary, digestive (pancreas, liver, gall bladder), etc… - ductless, hormones secreted into blood - IMPORTANT: hormones circulate and influence ONLY cells with receptors for them (target cells) - >50 known hormones in vertebrates There are two main types of hormone secreting cells 1. Endocrine cells, which typically secrete their hormone in response to a chemical stimulus like a ligand or an environmental change like high glucose levels that triggers signal transduction. Remember that the lining of your digestive tract, nephron tubules, etc… are external surfaces – you do not need to cross any cell layers to get there. 2. Neurosecretory cells, which are neurons (wirelike cells that transmit electrical signals) that secrete hormones. These cells are typically activated by an electrical signal and use electrical signals to secrete their hormones. Most are found in the hypothalamus – the master endocrine organ Fig. 26.1 Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? II. The Endocrine System II. The Endocrine System A. Endocrine glands D. Amino acid based vs. steroid hormones B. Chemical regulatory system of body Ex. Regulates metabolic rate, growth, maturation, reproduction, blood glucose, blood calcium, etc… i. Amino acid based (3 types) 1. amine (modified amino acid) - ex. epinephrine 2. Peptide - ex. gastrin 3. protein hormones - ex. insulin Nervous system = other regulatory system of body Why do we need two regulatory systems? Endocrine = slower and more prolonged (long-lasting) effect Both systems work closely together (interdependent) epinephrine Fig. 26.3 gastrin insulin Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? II. The Endocrine System II. The Endocrine System D. Amino acid based vs. steroid hormones i. Amino acid based (3 types) D. Amino acid based vs. steroid hormones ii. Steroid hormone 1. amine (modified amino acid) 2. Peptide 3. protein hormones 1. Lipids made from cholesterol Ex. Testosterone and estrogen How do amino acid based hormones “talk” to cells? 4. Bind and activate surface receptors (can’t cross PM) 5. Result: Turn genes On/Off or activate/ deactivate enzymes, etc… cholesterol testosterone estrogen Fig. 26.2 1 5/14/10 Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? II. The Endocrine System II. The Endocrine System D. Amino acid based vs. steroid hormones D. Amino acid based vs. steroid hormones ii. Steroid hormone 1. Lipids made from cholesterol Ex. Testosterone and estrogen How do steroid hormones “talk” to cells? 2. Cytoplasmic receptor protein 3. Receptor protein usually a transcription factor 4. Turn genes ON/OFF ONLY Fig. 26.2 Fig. 26.2 Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? II. The Endocrine System II. The Endocrine System D. Amino acid based vs. steroid hormones E. Endocrine glands of vertebrates i. Some have ONLY endocrine function iii. Exception to the rule a. Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) - amine hormones - produced by thyroid - relatively non-polar, behave like steroids Ex. Thyroid and pituitary ii. Some also have a non-endocrine function Ex. pancreas Exocrine = digestive enzymes Endocrine = insulin release triiodothyronine (T3) Fig. 26.3 Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? II. The Endocrine System II. The Endocrine System E. Major vertebrate endocrine glands and their hormones E. Major vertebrate endocrine glands and their hormones Pg. 521 Pg. 521 2 5/14/10 Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? II. The Endocrine System II. The Endocrine System E. Major vertebrate endocrine glands and their hormones F. The hypothalamus i. Part of brain ii. Master control center of endocrine system iii. Connects nervous system to endocrine system - receives info from nerves about internal and external environment iv. Closely tied to pituitary gland – in fact, the posterior pituitary is made of cells that extend from the hypothalamus i. Steroid hormones made only by sex organs (testes and ovaries) and adrenal glands (cortex) Fig. 26.4 Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? II. The Endocrine System II. The Endocrine System F. The Pituitary F. The Pituitary i. Two parts 1. Posterior lobe (posterior pituitary) - composed of nervous tissue (extension of hypothalamus) - Made of neurosecretory cells i. Two parts 2. Anterior lobe (anterior pituitary) a. composed of NON-nervous glandular tissue (endocrine cells) b. synthesizes own hormones, most control other endocrine glands c. hormone release controlled by…Hypothalamus hormones - stores and secretes hormones made in hypothalamus Fig. 26.4 Fig. 26.4 Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System NEW AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? NEW AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? II. The Endocrine System F. The Pituitary II. The Endocrine System G. Example you need to know: Hypothalamus and AP interaction (Example) i. Two parts 2. Anterior lobe (anterior pituitary) a. composed of NON-nervous glandular tissue b. synthesizes own hormones, most control other endocrine glands c. hormone release controlled by…Hypothalamus hormones - Hypothalamus hormones that control AP 1. Releasing hormones - signal AP to release a certain hormone 2. Inhibiting hormones - signal AP to stop releasing certain hormone Fig. 26.4 1. cold external temperature 2. Hypothalmus secretes TRH into blood TRH = TSH - releasing hormone 3. TRH stimulates AP to secrete TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) into blood Hypothalamus hormones 4. TSH stimulates thyroid to secrete the hormone thyroxine (T4) into the blood 5. Thyroxine (T4) binds to thyroxine receptors, which are found on most cells instructing them to increases metabolic rate of body cells – heat generated 6. Thyroxine (T4) and TSH inhibit hypothalamus from secreting TRH NEGATIVE FEEDBACK (hypothalamus regulates body temp through thyroid) 3 5/14/10 Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System NEW AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? NEW AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? II. The Endocrine System Fig. 26.5 II. The Endocrine System H. The Hypothalamus and Posterior pituitary (PP) i. REMINDER: hormones made in hypothalamus and stored/released in PP ii. Neurosecretory cells extend into PP where they secrete hormone into blood G. Example you need to know: Hypothalamus and AP interaction (Example) 1. cold external temperature TRH = TSH - releasing hormone 3. TRH stimulates AP to secrete TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) into blood 1. oxytocin - causes uterine muscles to contract during child birth. 4. TSH stimulates thyroid to secrete the hormone thyroxine (T4) into the blood Target organs (the organs targeted by the hormone) 5. Thyroxine (T4) binds to thyroxine receptors, which are found on most cells instructing them to increases metabolic rate of body cells – heat generated It is typically administered intravenously immediately after child birth as well to keep the contractions going to make sure the placenta comes out delivered. - mammary glands to pump milk 2. ADH (antidiuretic hormone) 6. Thyroxine (T4) and TSH inhibit hypothalamus from secreting TRH - Target organs are kidneys - reabsorb water from collecting duct of nephrons NEGATIVE FEEDBACK - see excretory system (hypothalamus regulates body temp through thyroid) Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System NEW AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? II. The Endocrine System FLAGTEP Fig. 26.5 I. The Hypothalamus and Anterior pituitary (AP) Fig. 26.3 II. The Endocrine System J. Thyroid 1. located just below larynx - neurosecretory cells of hypothalamus secrete RH or IH (releasing hormone / inhibitory hormone) 2. Hormones produced (amine) - Thyroxine T4 - blood carries RH/IH to AP to control hormone secretion – each hormone released by AP is contolled by a different RH/IH - Triidodthyronine T3 1. Hormones from AP that control other endocrine glands: TSH - thyroid stimulating hormone ACTH - adrenocorticotropic hormone FSH - follicle stimulating hormone LH - luteinizing hormone 2. Other hormones triiodothyronine (T3) GH - growth hormone PRL - prolactin Endorphins Both contain iodine Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? II. The Endocrine System J. Thyroid Fig. 26.6A Fig. 26.6 II. The Endocrine System J. Thyroid 1. located just below larynx 1. located just below larynx 2. Hormones produced (amine) - Thyroxine T4 2. Hormones produced (amine) - Thyroxine T4 - Triidodthyronine T3 - Triidodthyronine T3 triiodothyronine (T3) Both contain iodine Remember the Goiter - lack of iodine in diet – causes thyroid to swell like a balloon as it tries to make T3 and T4 under excessive TSH stimulation. Goiter - lack of iodine in diet Why a goiter forms 4 5/14/10 Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? Fig. 26.6 II. The Endocrine System J. Thyroid J. Thyroid 1. located just below larynx 1. located just below larynx 2. Hormones produced (amine) - Thyroxine T4 2. Hormones produced (amine) - Thyroxine T4 - Triidodthyronine T3 - Triidodthyronine T3 Goiter - lack of iodine in diet Fig. 26.6 II. The Endocrine System Why a goiter forms Goiter - lack of iodine in diet Why a goiter forms Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? Fig. 26.6 II. The Endocrine System J. Thyroid J. Thyroid 1. located just below larynx 1. located just below larynx 2. Hormones produced (amine) - Thyroxine T4 2. Hormones produced (amine) - Thyroxine T4 - Triidodthyronine T3 - Triidodthyronine T3 Goiter - lack of iodine in diet Fig. 26.6 II. The Endocrine System Why a goiter forms Goiter - lack of iodine in diet Why a goiter forms Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? Fig. 26.6 II. The Endocrine System J. Thyroid J. Thyroid 1. located just below larynx 1. located just below larynx 2. Hormones produced (amine) - Thyroxine T4 2. Hormones produced (amine) - Thyroxine T4 - Triidodthyronine T3 - Triidodthyronine T3 Goiter - lack of iodine in diet Fig. 26.6 II. The Endocrine System Why a goiter forms Goiter - lack of iodine in diet Why a goiter forms 5 5/14/10 Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? Fig. 26.6 II. The Endocrine System J. Thyroid J. Thyroid 1. located just below larynx 1. located just below larynx 2. Hormones produced (amine) - Thyroxine T4 2. Hormones produced (amine) - Thyroxine T4 - Triidodthyronine T3 - Triidodthyronine T3 Goiter - lack of iodine in diet Fig. 26.6 II. The Endocrine System Why a goiter forms Goiter - lack of iodine in diet Why a goiter forms Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? Fig. 26.6 II. The Endocrine System J. Thyroid II. The Endocrine System Fig. 26.3 J. Thyroid 1. located just below larynx 1. located just below larynx 2. Hormones produced (amine) - Thyroxine T4 2. Hormones produced (amine) - Thyroxine T4 - Triidodthyronine T3 - Triidodthyronine T3 3. Target Cells - virutally all tissues 4. Actions - childhood: bone and nerve cell development - Adulthood: Stimulate and maintain metabolism in adults, maintain BP, heart rate, muscle tone, digestion and reproductive functions Iodized salt Goiter - lack of iodine in diet Why a goiter forms Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? II. The Endocrine System J. Thyroid 5. Disorders i. hyperthyroidism Fig. 26.3 II. The Endocrine System J. Thyroid 5. Disorders i. hyperthyroidism - too much T3 or T4 - too much T3 or T4 - overheating, excessive sweating, irritable, high BP, weight lose - Grave’s disease - autoimmune disease - antibodies made against TSH receptors on thyroid - Antibodies bind to receptors and activate them in the absence of TSH = hyperthyroidism - overheating, excessive sweating, irritable, high BP, weight lose - Grave’s disease - autoimmune disease - antibodies made against TSH receptors on thyroid - Antibodies bind to receptors and activate them in the absence of TSH = hyperthyroidism antibodies 6 5/14/10 Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? II. The Endocrine System II. The Endocrine System J. Thyroid I. Thyroid 5. Disorders E. Disorders ii. hypothyroidism i. hyperthyroidism - weight gain, lethargy, intolerance to cold - too much T3 or T4 - overheating, excessive sweating, irritable, high BP, weight lose - Grave’s disease - autoimmune disease - antibodies made against TSH receptors on thyroid - activates receptors in absence of TSH = hyperthyroidism antibodies - caused by defective gland or iodine deficiency (goiter) After hypothyroidism before 20-25% of people with Graves' disease will suffer from Graves' ophthalmopathy (a protrusion of one or both eyes), caused by inflammation of the eye muscles due to attacking autoantibodies. Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? II. The Endocrine System II. The Endocrine System I. Thyroid 2. Blood calcium homeostasis (10mg/100ml) E. Disorders A. Some uses of calcium ii. hypothyroidism i. Help neurons to transmit signals - weight gain, lethargy, intolerance to cold ii. Muscle contraction iii. Blood clotting (coagulation) iv. Cotransport across PM - caused by defective gland or iodine deficiency (goiter) - Cretinism if occurring in childhood Cotransport occurs when a cell uses energy to actively pump a substance like Ca++ or H+ across a membrane resulting in an electrochemical gradient similar to the pumping of H+ into the intermembrane space of the mitochondria or into the thylakoid disk. When the substance diffuses back passively, the energy is used to transport another molecule with it from low to high concentration (active) – therefore your link facilitated diffusion with active transport. a. retarded skeletal growth and poor mental development cretinism Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? II. The Endocrine System 2. Blood calcium homeostasis (10mg/100ml in blood normally) Fig. 26.3 II. The Endocrine System 2. Blood calcium homeostasis (10mg/100ml) B. NOT UNDER HYPOTHALAMUS/PITUITARY CONTROL B. NOT UNDER HYPOTHALAMUS/PITUITARY CONTROL C. Hormones involved C. Hormones involved i. Calcitonin - secreted by thyroid - lower blood Ca++ Fig. 26.3 i. Calcitonin (calcium in) - secreted by thyroid - lowers blood Ca++ ii. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) - secreted by parathyroid glands It is a polypeptide: - raises blood Ca++ PTH (protein) 7 5/14/10 Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? Fig. 26.3 II. The Endocrine System II. The Endocrine System 2. Blood calcium homeostasis (10mg/100ml) 2. Blood calcium homeostasis (10mg/100ml) B. NOT UNDER HYPOTHALAMUS/PITUITARY CONTROL B. NOT UNDER HYPOTHALAMUS/PITUITARY CONTROL C. Hormones involved C. Hormones involved i. Calcitonin i. Calcitonin - secreted by thyroid - secreted by thyroid - lower blood Ca++ - lower blood Ca++ ii. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) ii. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) - secreted by parathyroid - secreted by parathyroid - raises blood Ca++ - raises blood Ca++ **These are antagonistic hormones four embedded in thyroid **These are antagonistic hormones (opposite effects) (opposite effects) Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? Fig. 26.7 II. The Endocrine System 2. Blood calcium homeostasis (10mg/100ml) II. The Endocrine System Fig. 26.7 2. Blood calcium homeostasis (10mg/100ml) D. Mechanism of action i. Calcitonin targets: - bone, kidneys ii. PTH targets: - intestines, bone, kidneys IMPORTANT: What you need to realize is that the levels are ALWAYS fluctuating up and down like a sinusoidal wave. This is a hallmark of feedback. It never stays at 10mg/100ml and this goes for the concentration of anything in your body like protein levels in a cell or blood glucose…. Nothing is static, everything is dynamic. four embedded in thyroid Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? II. The Endocrine System II. The Endocrine System 2. Blood calcium homeostasis (10mg/100ml) 3. Blood glucose regulation (90mg/100ml) A. NOT UNDER HYPOTHALAMUS/PITUITARY CONTROL E. Vitamin D i. sources - food: cheese, butter, margarine, milk, fish, cereal, etc… - skin makes it when exposed to sun Fig. 26.3 B. Pancreas Vitamin D i. Endocrine and exocrine gland ii. Activated in liver and kidney to become a hormone (see figure) iii. Kidney secretes activated form (Calcitriol) - works with PTH - targets bone and intestines similar to PTH 8 5/14/10 Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? II. The Endocrine System II. The Endocrine System 3. Blood glucose regulation (90mg/100ml) 3. Blood glucose regulation (90mg/100ml) A. NOT UNDER HYPOTHALAMUS/PITUITARY CONTROL C. Hormones involved i. insulin - produced by beta cells B. Pancreas - lowers blood glucose (increases glycogen store) i. Endocrine and exocrine gland ii Islets of Langerhan insulin ii. glucagon - endocrine portion - made of alpha (α) and beta (β) cells - produced by alpha cells - raises blood glucose (decreases glycogen storage) - Glucose is gone (glucagon…get it?) glucagon **These are antagonistic hormones (opposite effects) Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? II. The Endocrine System Fig. 26.8 3. Blood glucose regulation (90mg/100ml) Fig. 26.8 II. The Endocrine System 3. Blood glucose regulation (90mg/100ml) D. Mechanism of action D. Mechanism of action i. Insulin targets: STORY: - liver, body cells (fat cells, muscle cells) You eat a candy bar or anything with carbs and your blood sugar raises above 90mg/ 100ml. Proteins on the surface of pancreatic beta cells located in the Islets of Langerhan signal the beta cells to secrete insulin (take glucose in) into the blood. Insulin circulates and binds to insulin receptors on hepatic (liver) cell, adipocytes (fat cells), and myocytes (muscle cells). Signal transduction occurs and the cells send glucose transporter proteins to their membranes. Glucose enters by facilitated diffusion and is converted to glycogen in liver and muscle, and to triglycerides in adipocytes. The blood sugar levels drop causing the beta cells to stop secreting insulin. ii. Glucagon targets: - liver Hyperglycemia vs. Hypoglycemia Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? II. The Endocrine System 3. Blood glucose regulation (90mg/100ml) D. Mechanism of action STORY: When they fall too low, the proteins on the surface of pancreatic alpha cells also located within the Islets of Langerhan send a signal into the alpha cells causing them to secrete glucagon (glucose is gone) into the blood. Glucagon will circulate and bind to glucagon receptors located on hepatocytes and adipocytes causing them to breakdown glycogen and release glucose. Why would you not signal the myocytes to release glucose? Because the muscles always need the glucose to make ATP so they can contract. Muscles do not store it for the body, they store it for themselves. The blood sugar levels rise causing the alpha cells to stop secreting glucagon. Fig. 26.8 II. The Endocrine System 3. Blood glucose regulation (90mg/100ml) E. disorders i. Diabetes mellitus a. body cells do not absorb glucose (blood glucose high) b. affects 5 out of 100 in US c. 350,000 die from disease/year d. Two types 1. Type I insulin dependent (early onset) - autoimmune disease against beta cells - don’t produce enough insulin - develops before age 15 typically Insulin pump attached to user - insulin injection required - genetically engineered (human insulin gene put into a plasmid and inserted into bacteria) 9 5/14/10 Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? II. The Endocrine System II. The Endocrine System 3. Blood glucose regulation (90mg/100ml) 3. Blood glucose regulation (90mg/100ml) E. disorders E. disorders i. Diabetes mellitus i. Diabetes mellitus a. body cells do not absorb glucose (blood glucose high) a. body cells do not absorb glucose (blood glucose high) b. affects 5 out of 100 in US b. affects 5 out of 100 in US c. 350,000 die from disease/year c. 350,000 die from disease/year d. Two types 1. Type II NON-insulin dependent (late or adult onset) d. Two types 1. Type II NON-insulin dependent (late or adult onset) - faulty/missing insulin receptors on cells i. Cause - Genetic predisposition combined with environmental triggers like obesity, hypertension, elevated cholesterol, high fat diets and inactive lifestyle. - Insulin is being made - 90% of US cases are Type II - typically develops after 40 - Treatment - control sugar intake (diet) ii. Treatment - Managed by exercise and diet management - drugs that reduce glucose levels Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? Fig. 26.8 II. The Endocrine System 3. Blood glucose regulation (90mg/100ml) E. disorders i. Diabetes mellitus a. body cells do not absorb glucose (hyperglycemia = blood glucose high) b. affects 5 out of 100 in US c. 350,000 die from disease/year d. Type I and Type II e. Result - Cells don’t take up glucose resulting in high blood glucose levels, burn fat/proteins instead - Glucose seen in urine because kidneys can’t take it out of the proximal tubule quick enough - High glucose levels cause Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? II. The Endocrine System II. The Endocrine System 3. Blood glucose regulation (90mg/100ml) 3. Blood glucose regulation (90mg/100ml) E. disorders E. disorders i. Diabetes mellitus ii. Hypoglycemia (low blood glucose level) a. Beta cells secrete too much insulin b. Diabetic takes too much insulin c. Tumors that secrete insulin d. Prolonged starvation Fig. 26.9 Treated by - 1. Increase meals with easily digestible carbs. - 2. More extreme cases can be treated with medications like glucocoritcoids (steroid hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex that cause a rise in blood glucose) or - 3. part of the pancreas may need to be surgically removed to reduce insulin secretion. 10 5/14/10 Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? II. The Endocrine System Fig. 26.3 4. Mobilizing response to stress II. The Endocrine System 4. Mobilizing response to stress A. Adrenal glands (two) A. Adrenal glands (two) i. On top of each kidney – kidney hat i. On top of each kidney ii. Secrete hormones involved in stress ii. Secrete hormones involved in the organisms response to physical and/or emotional stress iii. Two glands in one Fig. 26.10 1. Adrenal medulla iii. Two glands in one - central portion Fig. 26.10 Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? Fig. 26.10 II. The Endocrine System II. The Endocrine System 4. Mobilizing response to stress 4. Mobilizing response to stress A. Adrenal glands (two) A. Adrenal glands (two) i. On top of each kidney ii. Secrete hormones involved in stress iii. Two glands in one 1. Adrenal medulla - central portion - produces/secretes fight-or-flight hormones a. Epinephrine (adrenaline) b. Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) - responds to nerve signals - short/term response, subsides rapidly Fig. 26.10 Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System Chapter 3 - The Molecules of Cells AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? AIM: Describe the structure/function of lipids. Fig. 26.10 II. The Endocrine System 4. Mobilizing response to stress A. Adrenal glands (two) i. On top of each kidney Corticosteroids 1. Glucocorticoids ii. Secrete hormones involved in stress iii. Two glands in one 1. Adrenal medulla 2. Adrenal cortex - outer portion - slower, long lasting stress response - responds to endocrine signals (ACTH from AP) - Hormones released = corticosteroids (two types) a. Mineralcorticoids b. glucocorticoids i. Cortisone (hydrocortisone) - suppresses inflammation a) Glucose Cortex Steroid b)Regulate carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism c) Anti-inflammatory affect – reverse immune system activity after infection is gone d) ex. Cortisol and cortisone (cortisone shots) 11 5/14/10 Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System Chapter 3 - The Molecules of Cells AIM: Describe the structure/function of lipids. AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? Fig. 26.10 Corticosteroids II. The Endocrine System 4. Mobilizing response to stress 2. Mineralcorticoids A. Adrenal glands (two) a) ex. Aldosterone b) Helps to control salt (like sodium, which is a mineral – ions required by biological systems) and water levels in the body c) Mineral cortex steroid Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? II. The Endocrine System II. The Endocrine System 5. Sex hormones 4. Sex hormones A. gonads A. gonads i. sex glands - ovaries and testes - secrete hormones in addition to gamete production i. sex glands - ovaries and testes - secrete hormones in addition to gamete production ii. Sex hormones (3 categories) - all present in males AND females at different levels. - estrogens a. High in females compared to androgens b. Maintain female reproductive system c. Promote development of female characteristics: - smaller body size, higher pitch voice, breasts, wider hips Fig. 27.2 Fig. 27.3 Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? II. The Endocrine System 4. Sex hormones A. gonads II. The Endocrine System 4. Sex hormones A. gonads i. sex glands - ovaries and testes - secrete hormones in addition to gamete production i. sex glands - ovaries and testes - secrete hormones in addition to gamete production ii. Sex hormones (3 categories) - all present in males AND females at different levels. ii. Sex hormones (3 categories) - all present in males AND females at different levels. - androgens - progestins a. ex) progesterone b. Prepare uterus to support the embryo a. High in males compared to estrogens - testosterone is the main one b. Development and maintenance of male reproductive system c. Promote development of male characteristics: - low-pitched voice, facial hair, large skeletal muscles 12 5/14/10 Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? II. The Endocrine System II. The Endocrine System 4. Sex hormones 4. Sex hormones A. gonads B.Steroid Biosynthesis (just for fun) i. sex glands - ovaries and testes - secrete hormones in addition to gamete production ii. Sex hormones (3 categories) - all present in males AND females at different levels. - estrogens, progestins, androgens iii. Regulated by hypothalamus and AP - FSH and LH FLAGTEP Fig. 26.5 Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? II. The Endocrine System 13