Download NEW AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions? I

5/14/10
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
NEW AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
I. Exocrine vs. Endocrine glands
I. Exocrine vs. Endocrine glands
A. Exocrine
B. Endocrine
- have ducts (tubes made of cells) that carry secretion products to an outside surface
Ex. Sweat (eccrine), sebaceous, mammary, digestive (pancreas, liver, gall bladder), etc…
- ductless, hormones secreted into blood
- IMPORTANT: hormones circulate and influence ONLY
cells with receptors for them (target cells)
- >50 known hormones in vertebrates
There are two main types of
hormone secreting cells
1. Endocrine cells, which typically secrete their
hormone in response to a chemical stimulus like a
ligand or an environmental change like high
glucose levels that triggers signal transduction.
Remember that the lining of your digestive tract, nephron tubules, etc… are external surfaces
– you do not need to cross any cell layers to get there.
2. Neurosecretory cells, which are neurons (wirelike cells that transmit electrical signals) that
secrete hormones. These cells are typically
activated by an electrical signal and use electrical
signals to secrete their hormones. Most are found
in the hypothalamus – the master endocrine organ
Fig. 26.1
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System
II. The Endocrine System
A. Endocrine glands
D. Amino acid based vs. steroid hormones
B. Chemical regulatory system of body
Ex. Regulates metabolic rate, growth,
maturation, reproduction, blood
glucose, blood calcium, etc…
i. Amino acid based (3 types)
1. amine (modified amino acid) - ex. epinephrine
2. Peptide - ex. gastrin
3. protein hormones - ex. insulin
Nervous system = other regulatory system
of body
Why do we need two regulatory systems?
Endocrine = slower and more prolonged
(long-lasting) effect
Both systems work closely together
(interdependent)
epinephrine
Fig. 26.3
gastrin
insulin
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System
II. The Endocrine System
D. Amino acid based vs. steroid hormones
i. Amino acid based (3 types)
D. Amino acid based vs. steroid hormones
ii. Steroid hormone
1. amine (modified amino acid)
2. Peptide
3. protein hormones
1. Lipids made from cholesterol
Ex. Testosterone and estrogen
How do amino acid based hormones “talk” to cells?
4. Bind and activate surface receptors
(can’t cross PM)
5. Result: Turn genes On/Off or activate/
deactivate enzymes, etc…
cholesterol
testosterone
estrogen
Fig. 26.2
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5/14/10
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System
II. The Endocrine System
D. Amino acid based vs. steroid hormones
D. Amino acid based vs. steroid hormones
ii. Steroid hormone
1. Lipids made from cholesterol
Ex. Testosterone and estrogen
How do steroid hormones “talk” to cells?
2. Cytoplasmic receptor protein
3. Receptor protein usually a
transcription factor
4. Turn genes ON/OFF ONLY
Fig. 26.2
Fig. 26.2
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System
II. The Endocrine System
D. Amino acid based vs. steroid hormones
E. Endocrine glands of vertebrates
i. Some have ONLY endocrine
function
iii. Exception to the rule
a. Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
- amine hormones
- produced by thyroid
- relatively non-polar, behave like steroids
Ex. Thyroid and pituitary
ii. Some also have a non-endocrine
function
Ex. pancreas
Exocrine = digestive enzymes
Endocrine = insulin release
triiodothyronine (T3)
Fig. 26.3
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System
II. The Endocrine System
E. Major vertebrate endocrine glands and their hormones
E. Major vertebrate endocrine glands and their hormones
Pg. 521
Pg. 521
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5/14/10
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System
II. The Endocrine System
E. Major vertebrate endocrine glands and their hormones
F. The hypothalamus
i. Part of brain
ii. Master control center of endocrine system
iii. Connects nervous system to endocrine system
- receives info from nerves about internal and external environment
iv. Closely tied to pituitary gland – in fact, the posterior
pituitary is made of cells that extend from the hypothalamus
i. Steroid hormones made only by sex
organs (testes and ovaries) and adrenal
glands (cortex)
Fig. 26.4
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System
II. The Endocrine System
F. The Pituitary
F. The Pituitary
i. Two parts
1. Posterior lobe (posterior pituitary)
- composed of nervous tissue (extension of hypothalamus)
- Made of neurosecretory cells
i. Two parts
2. Anterior lobe (anterior pituitary)
a. composed of NON-nervous glandular tissue (endocrine cells)
b. synthesizes own hormones, most control other endocrine glands
c. hormone release controlled by…Hypothalamus hormones
- stores and secretes hormones made in hypothalamus
Fig. 26.4
Fig. 26.4
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
NEW AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
NEW AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System
F. The Pituitary
II. The Endocrine System
G. Example you need to know: Hypothalamus and AP interaction (Example)
i. Two parts
2. Anterior lobe (anterior pituitary)
a. composed of NON-nervous glandular tissue
b. synthesizes own hormones, most control other endocrine glands
c. hormone release controlled by…Hypothalamus hormones
- Hypothalamus hormones that control AP
1. Releasing hormones
- signal AP to release a certain hormone
2. Inhibiting hormones
- signal AP to stop releasing certain hormone
Fig. 26.4
1. cold external temperature
2. Hypothalmus secretes TRH into blood
TRH = TSH - releasing hormone
3. TRH stimulates AP to secrete TSH
(thyroid stimulating hormone) into blood
Hypothalamus hormones
4. TSH stimulates thyroid to secrete the
hormone thyroxine (T4) into the blood
5. Thyroxine (T4) binds to thyroxine
receptors, which are found on most cells
instructing them to increases metabolic
rate of body cells – heat generated
6. Thyroxine (T4) and TSH inhibit
hypothalamus from secreting TRH
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
(hypothalamus regulates body temp through thyroid)
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Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
NEW AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
NEW AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System
Fig. 26.5
II. The Endocrine System
H. The Hypothalamus and Posterior pituitary (PP)
i. REMINDER: hormones made in hypothalamus
and stored/released in PP
ii. Neurosecretory cells extend into PP where
they secrete hormone into blood
G. Example you need to know: Hypothalamus and AP interaction (Example)
1. cold external temperature
TRH = TSH - releasing hormone
3. TRH stimulates AP to secrete TSH
(thyroid stimulating hormone) into blood
1. oxytocin
- causes uterine muscles to contract
during child birth.
4. TSH stimulates thyroid to secrete the
hormone thyroxine (T4) into the blood
Target organs
(the organs
targeted by the
hormone)
5. Thyroxine (T4) binds to thyroxine
receptors, which are found on most cells
instructing them to increases metabolic
rate of body cells – heat generated
It is typically administered intravenously
immediately after child birth as well to keep the
contractions going to make sure the placenta
comes out delivered.
- mammary glands to pump milk
2. ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
6. Thyroxine (T4) and TSH inhibit
hypothalamus from secreting TRH
- Target organs are kidneys - reabsorb water
from collecting duct of nephrons
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
- see excretory system
(hypothalamus regulates body temp through thyroid)
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
NEW AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System
FLAGTEP
Fig. 26.5
I. The Hypothalamus and Anterior
pituitary (AP)
Fig. 26.3
II. The Endocrine System
J. Thyroid
1. located just below larynx
- neurosecretory cells of hypothalamus
secrete RH or IH (releasing hormone / inhibitory hormone)
2. Hormones produced (amine)
- Thyroxine T4
- blood carries RH/IH to AP to control hormone
secretion – each hormone released by AP is
contolled by a different RH/IH
- Triidodthyronine T3
1. Hormones from AP that control other
endocrine glands:
TSH - thyroid stimulating hormone
ACTH - adrenocorticotropic hormone
FSH - follicle stimulating hormone
LH - luteinizing hormone
2. Other hormones
triiodothyronine (T3)
GH - growth hormone
PRL - prolactin
Endorphins
Both contain iodine
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System
J. Thyroid
Fig. 26.6A
Fig. 26.6
II. The Endocrine System
J. Thyroid
1. located just below larynx
1. located just below larynx
2. Hormones produced (amine)
- Thyroxine T4
2. Hormones produced (amine)
- Thyroxine T4
- Triidodthyronine T3
- Triidodthyronine T3
triiodothyronine (T3)
Both contain iodine
Remember the Goiter - lack of iodine in diet – causes thyroid to swell
like a balloon as it tries to make T3 and T4 under excessive TSH
stimulation.
Goiter - lack of iodine in diet
Why a goiter forms
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Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
Fig. 26.6
II. The Endocrine System
J. Thyroid
J. Thyroid
1. located just below larynx
1. located just below larynx
2. Hormones produced (amine)
- Thyroxine T4
2. Hormones produced (amine)
- Thyroxine T4
- Triidodthyronine T3
- Triidodthyronine T3
Goiter - lack of iodine in diet
Fig. 26.6
II. The Endocrine System
Why a goiter forms
Goiter - lack of iodine in diet
Why a goiter forms
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
Fig. 26.6
II. The Endocrine System
J. Thyroid
J. Thyroid
1. located just below larynx
1. located just below larynx
2. Hormones produced (amine)
- Thyroxine T4
2. Hormones produced (amine)
- Thyroxine T4
- Triidodthyronine T3
- Triidodthyronine T3
Goiter - lack of iodine in diet
Fig. 26.6
II. The Endocrine System
Why a goiter forms
Goiter - lack of iodine in diet
Why a goiter forms
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
Fig. 26.6
II. The Endocrine System
J. Thyroid
J. Thyroid
1. located just below larynx
1. located just below larynx
2. Hormones produced (amine)
- Thyroxine T4
2. Hormones produced (amine)
- Thyroxine T4
- Triidodthyronine T3
- Triidodthyronine T3
Goiter - lack of iodine in diet
Fig. 26.6
II. The Endocrine System
Why a goiter forms
Goiter - lack of iodine in diet
Why a goiter forms
5
5/14/10
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
Fig. 26.6
II. The Endocrine System
J. Thyroid
J. Thyroid
1. located just below larynx
1. located just below larynx
2. Hormones produced (amine)
- Thyroxine T4
2. Hormones produced (amine)
- Thyroxine T4
- Triidodthyronine T3
- Triidodthyronine T3
Goiter - lack of iodine in diet
Fig. 26.6
II. The Endocrine System
Why a goiter forms
Goiter - lack of iodine in diet
Why a goiter forms
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
Fig. 26.6
II. The Endocrine System
J. Thyroid
II. The Endocrine System
Fig. 26.3
J. Thyroid
1. located just below larynx
1. located just below larynx
2. Hormones produced (amine)
- Thyroxine T4
2. Hormones produced (amine)
- Thyroxine T4
- Triidodthyronine T3
- Triidodthyronine T3
3. Target Cells
- virutally all tissues
4. Actions
- childhood: bone and nerve cell
development
- Adulthood: Stimulate and maintain
metabolism in adults, maintain BP, heart
rate, muscle tone, digestion and
reproductive functions
Iodized salt
Goiter - lack of iodine in diet
Why a goiter forms
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System
J. Thyroid
5. Disorders
i. hyperthyroidism
Fig. 26.3
II. The Endocrine System
J. Thyroid
5. Disorders
i. hyperthyroidism
- too much T3 or T4
- too much T3 or T4
- overheating, excessive sweating,
irritable, high BP, weight lose
- Grave’s disease
- autoimmune disease
- antibodies made against TSH receptors
on thyroid
- Antibodies bind to receptors and
activate them in the absence of
TSH = hyperthyroidism
- overheating, excessive sweating,
irritable, high BP, weight lose
- Grave’s disease
- autoimmune disease
- antibodies made against TSH receptors
on thyroid
- Antibodies bind to receptors and
activate them in the absence of
TSH = hyperthyroidism
antibodies
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Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System
II. The Endocrine System
J. Thyroid
I. Thyroid
5. Disorders
E. Disorders
ii. hypothyroidism
i. hyperthyroidism
- weight gain, lethargy, intolerance to
cold
- too much T3 or T4
- overheating, excessive sweating,
irritable, high BP, weight lose
- Grave’s disease
- autoimmune disease
- antibodies made against TSH receptors
on thyroid
- activates receptors in absence of
TSH = hyperthyroidism
antibodies
- caused by defective gland or iodine
deficiency (goiter)
After hypothyroidism
before
20-25% of people with Graves' disease will suffer from Graves' ophthalmopathy (a protrusion of one or
both eyes), caused by inflammation of the eye muscles due to attacking autoantibodies.
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System
II. The Endocrine System
I. Thyroid
2. Blood calcium homeostasis (10mg/100ml)
E. Disorders
A. Some uses of calcium
ii. hypothyroidism
i. Help neurons to transmit signals
- weight gain, lethargy, intolerance to
cold
ii. Muscle contraction
iii. Blood clotting (coagulation)
iv. Cotransport across PM
- caused by defective gland or iodine
deficiency (goiter)
- Cretinism if occurring in childhood
Cotransport occurs when a cell uses energy to
actively pump a substance like Ca++ or H+ across a
membrane resulting in an electrochemical gradient
similar to the pumping of H+ into the intermembrane
space of the mitochondria or into the thylakoid disk.
When the substance diffuses back passively, the
energy is used to transport another molecule with it
from low to high concentration (active) – therefore
your link facilitated diffusion with active transport.
a. retarded skeletal growth and poor
mental development
cretinism
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System
2. Blood calcium homeostasis
(10mg/100ml in blood normally)
Fig. 26.3
II. The Endocrine System
2. Blood calcium homeostasis (10mg/100ml)
B. NOT UNDER HYPOTHALAMUS/PITUITARY
CONTROL
B. NOT UNDER HYPOTHALAMUS/PITUITARY
CONTROL
C. Hormones involved
C. Hormones involved
i. Calcitonin
- secreted by thyroid
- lower blood Ca++
Fig. 26.3
i. Calcitonin (calcium in)
- secreted by thyroid
- lowers blood Ca++
ii. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
- secreted by parathyroid glands
It is a polypeptide:
- raises blood Ca++
PTH (protein)
7
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Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
Fig. 26.3
II. The Endocrine System
II. The Endocrine System
2. Blood calcium homeostasis (10mg/100ml)
2. Blood calcium homeostasis (10mg/100ml)
B. NOT UNDER HYPOTHALAMUS/PITUITARY
CONTROL
B. NOT UNDER HYPOTHALAMUS/PITUITARY
CONTROL
C. Hormones involved
C. Hormones involved
i. Calcitonin
i. Calcitonin
- secreted by thyroid
- secreted by thyroid
- lower blood Ca++
- lower blood Ca++
ii. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
ii. Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
- secreted by parathyroid
- secreted by parathyroid
- raises blood Ca++
- raises blood Ca++
**These are antagonistic hormones
four embedded in thyroid
**These are antagonistic hormones
(opposite effects)
(opposite effects)
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
Fig. 26.7
II. The Endocrine System
2. Blood calcium homeostasis (10mg/100ml)
II. The Endocrine System
Fig. 26.7
2. Blood calcium homeostasis (10mg/100ml)
D. Mechanism of action
i. Calcitonin targets:
- bone, kidneys
ii. PTH targets:
- intestines, bone, kidneys
IMPORTANT: What you need to realize is that
the levels are ALWAYS fluctuating up and down
like a sinusoidal wave. This is a hallmark of
feedback. It never stays at 10mg/100ml and this
goes for the concentration of anything in your
body like protein levels in a cell or blood
glucose…. Nothing is static, everything is
dynamic.
four embedded in thyroid
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System
II. The Endocrine System
2. Blood calcium homeostasis (10mg/100ml)
3. Blood glucose regulation (90mg/100ml)
A. NOT UNDER HYPOTHALAMUS/PITUITARY
CONTROL
E. Vitamin D
i. sources
- food: cheese, butter, margarine, milk, fish,
cereal, etc…
- skin makes it when exposed to sun
Fig. 26.3
B. Pancreas
Vitamin D
i. Endocrine and exocrine gland
ii. Activated in liver and kidney to become a
hormone (see figure)
iii. Kidney secretes activated form (Calcitriol)
- works with PTH
- targets bone and intestines similar to PTH
8
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Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System
II. The Endocrine System
3. Blood glucose regulation (90mg/100ml)
3. Blood glucose regulation (90mg/100ml)
A. NOT UNDER HYPOTHALAMUS/PITUITARY
CONTROL
C. Hormones involved
i. insulin
- produced by beta cells
B. Pancreas
- lowers blood glucose (increases glycogen store)
i. Endocrine and exocrine gland
ii Islets of Langerhan
insulin
ii. glucagon
- endocrine portion
- made of alpha (α) and beta (β) cells
- produced by alpha cells
- raises blood glucose (decreases glycogen
storage)
- Glucose is gone (glucagon…get it?)
glucagon
**These are antagonistic hormones
(opposite effects)
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System
Fig. 26.8
3. Blood glucose regulation (90mg/100ml)
Fig. 26.8
II. The Endocrine System
3. Blood glucose regulation (90mg/100ml)
D. Mechanism of action
D. Mechanism of action
i. Insulin targets:
STORY:
- liver, body cells (fat cells,
muscle cells)
You eat a candy bar or anything with carbs
and your blood sugar raises above 90mg/
100ml. Proteins on the surface of pancreatic
beta cells located in the Islets of Langerhan
signal the beta cells to secrete insulin (take
glucose in) into the blood. Insulin circulates
and binds to insulin receptors on hepatic
(liver) cell, adipocytes (fat cells), and
myocytes (muscle cells). Signal transduction
occurs and the cells send glucose
transporter proteins to their membranes.
Glucose enters by facilitated diffusion and is
converted to glycogen in liver and muscle,
and to triglycerides in adipocytes. The blood
sugar levels drop causing the beta cells to
stop secreting insulin.
ii. Glucagon targets:
- liver
Hyperglycemia vs. Hypoglycemia
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System
3. Blood glucose regulation (90mg/100ml)
D. Mechanism of action
STORY:
When they fall too low, the proteins on the
surface of pancreatic alpha cells also located
within the Islets of Langerhan send a signal
into the alpha cells causing them to secrete
glucagon (glucose is gone) into the blood.
Glucagon will circulate and bind to glucagon
receptors located on hepatocytes and
adipocytes causing them to breakdown
glycogen and release glucose. Why would
you not signal the myocytes to release
glucose? Because the muscles always need
the glucose to make ATP so they can
contract. Muscles do not store it for the body,
they store it for themselves. The blood sugar
levels rise causing the alpha cells to stop
secreting glucagon.
Fig. 26.8
II. The Endocrine System
3. Blood glucose regulation (90mg/100ml)
E. disorders
i. Diabetes mellitus
a. body cells do not absorb glucose (blood glucose high)
b. affects 5 out of 100 in US
c. 350,000 die from disease/year
d. Two types
1. Type I insulin dependent (early onset)
- autoimmune disease against beta cells
- don’t produce enough insulin
- develops before age 15 typically
Insulin pump attached to user
- insulin injection required
- genetically engineered (human insulin gene
put into a plasmid and inserted into bacteria)
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Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System
II. The Endocrine System
3. Blood glucose regulation (90mg/100ml)
3. Blood glucose regulation (90mg/100ml)
E. disorders
E. disorders
i. Diabetes mellitus
i. Diabetes mellitus
a. body cells do not absorb glucose (blood glucose high)
a. body cells do not absorb glucose (blood glucose high)
b. affects 5 out of 100 in US
b. affects 5 out of 100 in US
c. 350,000 die from disease/year
c. 350,000 die from disease/year
d. Two types
1. Type II NON-insulin dependent (late or adult onset)
d. Two types
1. Type II NON-insulin dependent (late or adult onset)
- faulty/missing insulin receptors on cells
i. Cause
- Genetic predisposition combined with environmental triggers like
obesity, hypertension, elevated cholesterol, high fat diets and inactive
lifestyle.
- Insulin is being made
- 90% of US cases are Type II
- typically develops after 40
- Treatment
- control sugar intake (diet)
ii. Treatment
- Managed by exercise and diet management
- drugs that reduce glucose levels
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
Fig. 26.8
II. The Endocrine System
3. Blood glucose regulation (90mg/100ml)
E. disorders
i. Diabetes mellitus
a. body cells do not absorb glucose (hyperglycemia = blood glucose high)
b. affects 5 out of 100 in US
c. 350,000 die from disease/year
d. Type I and Type II
e. Result
- Cells don’t take up glucose resulting in high blood
glucose levels, burn fat/proteins instead
- Glucose seen in urine because kidneys can’t
take it out of the proximal tubule quick enough
- High glucose levels cause
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System
II. The Endocrine System
3. Blood glucose regulation (90mg/100ml)
3. Blood glucose regulation (90mg/100ml)
E. disorders
E. disorders
i. Diabetes mellitus
ii. Hypoglycemia (low blood glucose level)
a. Beta cells secrete too much insulin
b. Diabetic takes too much insulin
c. Tumors that secrete insulin
d. Prolonged starvation
Fig. 26.9
Treated by
- 1. Increase meals with easily digestible carbs.
- 2. More extreme cases can be treated with
medications like glucocoritcoids (steroid
hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex that
cause a rise in blood glucose) or
- 3. part of the pancreas may need to be surgically
removed to reduce insulin secretion.
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Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System
Fig. 26.3
4. Mobilizing response to stress
II. The Endocrine System
4. Mobilizing response to stress
A. Adrenal glands (two)
A. Adrenal glands (two)
i. On top of each kidney – kidney hat
i. On top of each kidney
ii. Secrete hormones involved in stress
ii. Secrete hormones involved in the organisms
response to physical and/or emotional stress
iii. Two glands in one
Fig. 26.10
1. Adrenal medulla
iii. Two glands in one
- central portion
Fig. 26.10
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
Fig. 26.10
II. The Endocrine System
II. The Endocrine System
4. Mobilizing response to stress
4. Mobilizing response to stress
A. Adrenal glands (two)
A. Adrenal glands (two)
i. On top of each kidney
ii. Secrete hormones involved in stress
iii. Two glands in one
1. Adrenal medulla
- central portion
- produces/secretes fight-or-flight
hormones
a. Epinephrine (adrenaline)
b. Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
- responds to nerve signals
- short/term response, subsides rapidly
Fig. 26.10
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
Chapter 3 - The Molecules of Cells
AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
AIM: Describe the structure/function of lipids.
Fig. 26.10
II. The Endocrine System
4. Mobilizing response to stress
A. Adrenal glands (two)
i. On top of each kidney
Corticosteroids
1. Glucocorticoids
ii. Secrete hormones involved in stress
iii. Two glands in one
1. Adrenal medulla
2. Adrenal cortex
- outer portion
- slower, long lasting stress response
- responds to endocrine signals (ACTH from AP)
- Hormones released = corticosteroids (two types)
a. Mineralcorticoids
b. glucocorticoids
i. Cortisone (hydrocortisone) - suppresses inflammation
a) Glucose Cortex Steroid
b)Regulate carbohydrate, fat and
protein metabolism
c) Anti-inflammatory affect – reverse
immune system activity after infection is gone
d) ex. Cortisol and cortisone
(cortisone shots)
11
5/14/10
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
Chapter 3 - The Molecules of Cells
AIM: Describe the structure/function of lipids.
AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
Fig. 26.10
Corticosteroids
II. The Endocrine System
4. Mobilizing response to stress
2. Mineralcorticoids
A. Adrenal glands (two)
a) ex. Aldosterone
b) Helps to control salt (like sodium, which is a mineral –
ions required by biological systems) and water levels in
the body
c) Mineral cortex steroid
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System
II. The Endocrine System
5. Sex hormones
4. Sex hormones
A. gonads
A. gonads
i. sex glands
- ovaries and testes
- secrete hormones in addition to gamete production
i. sex glands
- ovaries and testes
- secrete hormones in addition to gamete production
ii. Sex hormones (3 categories) - all present in males AND females at different levels.
- estrogens
a. High in females compared to androgens
b. Maintain female reproductive system
c. Promote development of female characteristics:
- smaller body size, higher pitch voice, breasts, wider hips
Fig. 27.2
Fig. 27.3
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System
4. Sex hormones
A. gonads
II. The Endocrine System
4. Sex hormones
A. gonads
i. sex glands
- ovaries and testes
- secrete hormones in addition to gamete production
i. sex glands
- ovaries and testes
- secrete hormones in addition to gamete production
ii. Sex hormones (3 categories) - all present in males AND females at different levels.
ii. Sex hormones (3 categories) - all present in males AND females at different levels.
- androgens
- progestins
a. ex) progesterone
b. Prepare uterus to support the embryo
a. High in males compared to estrogens
- testosterone is the main one
b. Development and maintenance of male reproductive system
c. Promote development of male characteristics:
- low-pitched voice, facial hair, large skeletal muscles
12
5/14/10
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System
II. The Endocrine System
4. Sex hormones
4. Sex hormones
A. gonads
B.Steroid Biosynthesis
(just for fun)
i. sex glands
- ovaries and testes
- secrete hormones in addition to gamete production
ii. Sex hormones (3 categories) - all present in males AND females at different levels.
- estrogens, progestins, androgens
iii. Regulated by hypothalamus and AP
- FSH and LH
FLAGTEP
Fig. 26.5
Chapter 26: Regulation Part I - The Endocrine System
AIM: How do chemical signals coordinate body functions?
II. The Endocrine System
13