Download #1: Define site and provide two examples. #2: Define situation and

ORAL QUIZ: PAGES 14-17
#1: Define site and provide two
examples.
#2: Define situation and provide
two examples.
NATURE AND
PERSPECTIVES
AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY
UNIT 1
WHAT IS GEOGRAPHY?
• “The why of where”
• Is geography
scientific?
• AP Human vs. World
Geography Course:
• Human vs. Physical
• Topical vs. Regional
Approach
DO MAPS LIE?
Mercator
Fuller’s
Hispanic Population by
Percentage
of US Total
DO
MAPS LIE?
Total Number of Hispanics
Per centage of H ispanic Total in the US
0% - 0.3 %
0.3 % - 0 .7%
0.7 % - 1 .9%
1.9 % - 4 %
4% - 9.9 %
9.9 % - 1 9.4 %
19.4% - 34.4%
N
W
900
0
900
E
1800 Miles
Number of Hispanics
0 - 41223
41224 - 183465
183466 - 462411
462412 - 953407
953408 - 3351242
S
DOES YOUR MAP LOOK ANYTHING
LIKE THIS?
• This is the one of the
oldest known maps
(Ga-Sur 2500BCE),
drawn on a clay
tablet in Ancient
Babylon.
Line drawn image
of the map
THE PROBLEM WITH PROJECTION
• Round object on a
flat surface
…or…
•
•
•
•
Distorted shape
Relative size
Distance
Direction
PROBLEM OF PROJECTION
Mercator
Fuller’s
Robinson
PROBLEM OF PROJECTION
Peters
Equal Area
PROBLEM OF PROJECTION
•
Cylindrical—p.10
(atlas)
Conic—p.12-13 (atlas)
Planar (Azimuthal)
--p.46 (atlas)
MAP CHARACTERISTICS
• Projection
• Scale—relationship between distance on the map
and distance on the ground
• large vs. small—which is bigger 1/10 or 1/100?, large
scale=large fraction
• Scale has multiple meanings for geographers
• Symbols
• Thematic Maps—show the distribution, flow, or connection
of one or more characteristics
• Data Manipulation
• Grid System
MAP SYMBOLS
2008 Electoral Map
(Cartogram—
population)
Cell Towers (Dot Map)
Individuals living in
Poverty, 2000
(Choropleth)
Multiple
Symbol Map
Relief Map
MAP SYMBOLS
Pie chart map
Isoline Map
in millions, (Proportional
Symbols)
MAP CHARACTERISTICS
• Projection
• Scale—relationship between distance on the map
and distance on the ground
• large vs. small—which is bigger 1/10 or 1/100?, large
scale=large fraction
• Scale has multiple meanings for geographers
• Symbols
• Thematic Maps—show the distribution, flow, or connection
of one or more characteristics
• Data Manipulation
• Grid System
Washington State
(1:10 million scale)
SCALE
Downtown Seattle,
Washington
(1:10,000 scale)
“Large
scale=larger
objects”
Western Washington
(1:1 million scale)
Seattle Region
(1:100,000 scale)
MAP CHARACTERISTICS
• Projection
• Scale—relationship between distance on the map
and distance on the ground
• large vs. small—which is bigger 1/10 or 1/100?, large
scale=large fraction
• Scale has multiple meanings for geographers
• Symbols
• Thematic Maps—show the distribution, flow, or connection
of one or more characteristics
• Data Manipulation
• Grid System
Misleading Scale
Continental United States
This map shows
the total number of
African-Americans
per state.
Examine Georgia.
Total Number of African-Americans in each State
1951 - 112460
112461 - 300130
300131 - 778035
778036 - 1456323
1456324 - 2859055
N
W
900
0
900
E
1800 Miles
S
Misleading Scale
Georgia
In the previous slide,
Georgia had one of the
highest number of
African-Americans, but
a closer look tells a
different picture. The
dark red is the Atlanta
metropolitan area.
Nu m ber of African-Am erican s per Cou nty
0 - 4791
4792 - 12194
12195 - 24241
24242 - 82608
82609 - 324008
N
W
100
0
100
E
200 Miles
S
Misleading Statistics
Hispanic Population by
Percentage of US Total
Per centage of H ispanic Total in the US
0% - 0.3 %
0.3 % - 0 .7%
0.7 % - 1 .9%
1.9 % - 4 %
4% - 9.9 %
9.9 % - 1 9.4 %
19.4% - 34.4%
N
W
900
0
900
1800 Miles
E
Misleading Statistics
Percentage of Hispanics
A similar
comparison
can be made
with Hispanics
living in the
US. This map
shows the
total
percentage of
Hispanics in
each county.
Percentage of Hispanics
0 - 0.047
0.047 - 0.146
0.146 - 0.296
0.296 - 0.522
0.522 - 0.927
Misleading Statistics
Total Number of Hispanics
This map displays
the total number
of Hispanics in
each US county.
Number of Hispanics
0 - 41223
41224 - 183465
183466 - 462411
462412 - 953407
953408 - 3351242
Misleading Statistics
These three Southern
California counties (Los
Angeles, Orange, and San
Diego) have a total Hispanic
population of 5,045,726 which
is greater than the total
Hispanic population of Texas
at 4,339,905. New Mexico
has the greatest percentage of
Hispanics (33%), it’s total
Hispanic population is
579,224.
MAP CHARACTERISTICS
• Projection
• Scale—relationship between distance on the map
and distance on the ground
• large vs. small—which is bigger 1/10 or 1/100?, large
scale=large fraction
• Scale has multiple meanings for geographers
• Symbols
• Thematic Maps—show the distribution, flow, or connection
of one or more characteristics
• Data Manipulation
• Grid System
SPATIAL DATA AND
THEMATIC MAPS
Mapping Natural Disasters
Spatial Data Set
Utah
Rhode Island
Wyoming
District of Columbia
Delaware
Connecticut
South Carolina
Colorado
Nevada
Montana
Maryland
Arizona
Idaho
New Mexico
Massachusetts
Hawaii
Michigan
New Hampshire
Oregon
New Jersey
Vermont
Alaska
Wisconsin
Georgia
Maine
Indiana
North Carolina
South Dakota
North Dakota
Virginia
Pennsylvania
Washington
Iowa
Ohio
Kansas
Minnesota
Nebraska
Tennessee
West Virginia
Mississippi
Illinois
Missouri
Arkansas
Kentucky
Alabama
Louisiana
New York
Florida
Oklahoma
California
Spatial Data Set GRAPHED
Presidental Declarations of Disaster Areas, 1953-2010
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Presidential Declarations of Natural Disasters: 1953-2010
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Year
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Presidential Declarations of Natural Disasters: 1953-2010
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Year
Dot Distribution Map
Proportional Symbol Map
Choropleth Map
EQUAL FREQUENCY
Chropleth Map
EQUAL INTERVAL
Choropleth Map
NATURAL BREAKS (JENKS’ FORMULA)
MAP CHARACTERISTICS
• Projection
• Scale—relationship between distance on the map
and distance on the ground
• large vs. small—which is bigger 1/10 or 1/100?, large
scale=large fraction
• Scale has multiple meanings for geographers
• Symbols
• Thematic Maps—show the distribution, flow, or connection
of one or more characteristics
• Data Manipulation
• Grid System
FUNDAMENTALS OF GEOGRAPHY
• Scale: relationship between the portion of Earth
being studied and Earth as a whole, similarities at
local, regional and global levels (global vs. local)
• Place: location, or position, unique for its particular
characteristics
• Region: unique and distinctive areas, area
distinguished by a distinctive combination of
cultural and physical features
• Space: physical gap or interval between two
objects, often concerned with density and pattern
• Connections: relationships among places
PLACE
• Toponym, Site, Situation (relative location),
Mathematical Location (exact location)
• Mental Map of Your World: using the concept of
place…
• Find a partner…on a piece of paper, draw a mental map of
your neighborhood, the Marietta/Cobb County area, and
Atlanta. Include a home address in your map. Show as much
detail as you can, and remember to make the map accurate in
terms of what is important to you, such as the places you eat,
work, walk, recreate, friends’ houses, landmarks, etc. Finally,
make sure you include your own made-up symbols and
associated legend/key…you don’t need to use a map, or
electronic device for this activity.
View of Kennesaw
Mt., from Sweat Mt.
PLACE
• As you look over your map consider the following
questions…
1. What do you personally consider to be the most important
features on your map? Why? How do these features/places
shape your “sense of place?”
2. Why are certain businesses or houses located where they are?
3. How have people influenced the physical and/or cultural
environment in a our area?
4. How long have you lived here? How has this affected your
mental map? “Egocentric vs. Geocentric perspective ”
5. How do you get around? Do you drive, walk, or bike? How has
this affected your mental map? “Cognitive distance”
6. What are the fringes of your map and how are those places
represented? How did you establish relative location?
MATHEMATICAL LOCATION
• Why latitude and
longitude?
• Latitude/Parallel
• Equator
• Longitude/Meridian
• Prime Meridian
• International Dateline
MATHEMATICAL LOCATION:
TIME ZONES
The world’s 24 standard time zones each represent about 15° of longitude. They are often
depicted using the Mercator projection.
MATH.
LOCATION:
TOWNSHIP &
RANGE
SYSTEM IN
THE US
Principal meridians & east-west baselines of the township system. Townships in northwest
Mississippi & topographic map of the area.
EVOLUTION OF MAPPING
• Remote Sensing
• acquisition of data about Earth’s surface from a satellite
orbiting Earth
• Global Position System (GPS)
• accurately determines the precise position of something on
Earth
• Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
• acquiring, analyzing, processing, and displaying spatial
data—such as location and various characteristics (ie.
elevation, vegetation, population, slope, climate, etc.)—
often in layers
MAP INTERPRETATION
Example:
1.
2.
3.
4.
HIV/AIDS , 2002. Figure 2-26, pg. 75 Rubenstein
Equal Area Projection, choropleth,
Demonstrates capacity of AIDS to be a global reducer of
population and identify key global regions hardest hit by the
epidemic.
Sahara Desert seems to serve as an obstacle to the diffusion
of AIDS from the southern part which is primarily devastated
by the disease.
• Other global parts that exhibit at least an above average problem
with the disease are usually located in the tropics, with the
exception of the Ukraine in eastern Europe.
5.
It might be interesting to see differences within countries. I
would also like some indication just how high the infection
rate is in countries over 15%.
GIS DATA
• Ebola Outbreak
• CDC
• Census Data
• National Atlas
Star bucks locations
UNITED STATES MENTAL MAP
Divide the United States into regions. Your regions can be
functional, formal, or vernacular. Every portion of the country
should be located in at least one region. Be sure to identify the
key characteristic as you name each region.
Igor Panarin, 2008—was supposed to
happen in 2010…
Most Famous Brand From
Each State In The US
REGION
• “Areas of unique
characteristics”
• Culture
• What people care
about
• What people take
care of
• Cultural Landscape
REGION
• Formal (uniform)
• Functional (nodal)
The state of Iowa is an example of a formal region; the
areas of influence of various television stations are
examples of functional regions.
REGION
• Vernacular
(perceptual)
• What is “the West?”
Name 3 regions in
which we live.
A number of features are often used to define
the South as a vernacular region, each of
which identifies somewhat different boundaries.
CULTURAL ECOLOGY
• Study of “human
environment
relationships”
• Environmental
determinism
• Possibilism
• Polder
• Resources
CULTURAL ECOLOGY
“THE AGE OF MAN”
“…Our impact on the planet’s surface and atmosphere
has become so powerful that scientists are considering
changing the way we measure geologic time. Right now
we’re officially living in the Holocene epoch, a particularly
pleasant period that started when the last ice age ended
12,000 years ago. But some scientists argue that we’ve
broken into a new epoch that they call the
Anthropocene: the age of man. “Human dominance of
biological, chemical and geological processes on Earth is
already an undeniable reality,” writes Paul Crutzen, the
Nobel Prize...“It’s no longer us against ‘Nature.’ Instead, it’s
we who decide what nature is and what it will be.”
http://science.time.com/2012/03/07/anthr
opocene-why-you-should-get-used-to-theage-of-man-and-woman/
CULTURAL ECOLOGY
“THE AGE OF MAN”
Night lights, major roads, railways, power lines, pipelines, overseas cables, air
lines and shipping lanes
CULTURAL ECOLOGY: CLIMATES
Climate: the
long-term
average
weather
condition at a
particular
location
**Vladimir Koppen: basis for divisions are seasonal precipitation, B climates
are based on temperature and precipitation**
CULTURAL ECOLOGY: BIOMES
Biomes: “plant communities”
• Forest: trees form continuous canopy
• Savanna: mixture of grass and trees
• Grassland: grass covered (little precipitation)
• Desert: little vegetation
CULTURAL ECOLOGY: SOIL &
LANDFORMS
• Soils—10 orders, 12,000
types
• Erosion
• Solutions...reduced
plowing, choice of plants,
and avoid planting on
steep slopes
• Depletion of Nutrients
• Solutions…certain plants
are known to replenish soil,
and adding fertilizers
• Landforms—
• Helps to explain
population distribution
and choice of economic
activities
Lake Erie—nitrogen runoff
SCALE: “LOCAL TO GLOBAL”
• Globalization—a force or
process that involves the
entire world and results in
making something
worldwide in scope
• Globalization of Economy:
• Global: Interconnected and
interdependent (Transnational
Corporations)
• Local: Increasing
specialization
• Globalization of Culture:
• Global: We are becoming
more culturally uniform (ie. fast
food, hotels, cars, cell phones,
etc.)
• Local: Some are fighting to
retain their local culture
SPACE
• Distribution—How are
things arranged? Where
are they located?
• DENSITY: frequency with
which something occurs in
space
• Arithmetic Density
• Physiological Density
• Agricultural Density
• CONCENTRATION: extent
of a feature’s spread over
space
• Clustered vs. dispersed
• PATTERN: geometric
arrangement of objects in
space
SPACE: DENSITY AND
CONCENTRATION
By 2007, U.S. baseball teams were much more dispersed than in 1952, and
their number and density at a national level had increased.
CONNECTIONS
• CONNECTIONS—How are
places and regions
connected? How do they
interact?
• SPATIAL INTERACTION
• Networks & transportation
systems
• Space-Time Compression
• Distance Decay
• Friction of distance
The times required to cross the Atlantic, or orbit
the earth, illustrate how transport improvements
have shrunk the world. (1492-1962)
CONNECTIONS: DIFFUSION
• Relocation Diffusion
• Expansion Diffusion
• Hierarchical –through
a social or physical
hierarchy
• Contagious—from
person to person
• Stimulus—spread of
an underlying idea
UNIT 1 EXAM REVIEW
1. Regions— types, examples, think about the
breakdown of the US
2. Map types and interpretation
• Scale—large vs. small
• Longitude and latitude
3. Geography—fields, types, and history
4. Key Terminology— site, situation, place, types of
density, cultural ecology (possibilism,
environmental det.), cultural hearth, types of
diffusion
Every Country England Has Ever Invaded
(all but 22 countries in the world)