Download Earthquakes

Name
Class
CHAPTER
19
Date
STUDY GUIDE FOR CONTENT MASTERY
Earthquakes
SECTION
19.1
Forces Within Earth
In your textbook, read about the effects of stress and strain on rocks.
Answer the following questions.
Typical Stress-Strain Curve
Stress
Failure
Elastic limit
Strain
1. What is stress?
2. What is strain?
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3. What is compression?
4. What is tension?
Use the graph to answer questions 5–7.
5. What happens when stress exceeds the strength of a material?
6. On the stress-strain curve, what part of the curve represents the elastic deformation
of a material? What part represents ductile deformation?
7. Which occurs at a lower stress value, ductile deformation or elastic deformation?
8. Are rocks near Earth’s surface generally brittle or ductile? Rocks at great depths?
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Chapter 19 Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
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Name
Class
19
CHAPTER
SECTION
19.1
Date
STUDY GUIDE FOR CONTENT MASTERY
Forces Within Earth, continued
In your textbook, read about the different types of faults.
For each item in Column A, write the letter of the matching item in Column B.
Column A
Column B
9. Fracture that forms as a result of horizontal
a. fault
compression
b. fault plane
10. Fracture caused by horizontal shear
c. normal fault
11. Famous California strike-slip fault
d. reverse fault
12. Fracture caused by horizontal tension
e. San Andreas
13. Fracture along which movement occurs
f.
strike-slip fault
14. Fault surface along which movement takes place
In your textbook, read about the different kinds of seismic waves.
Complete the table by filling in the type or types of seismic waves described.
Seismic Waves
Description
Type of Seismic Wave
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
15. Causes rock to move both up and down and
from side to side
16. Causes rock to move at right angles to the
direction in which the wave travels
17. Squeezes and pulls rock in the same direction
as the wave travels
18. Can pass through Earth’s interior
19. Travels only along Earth’s surface
118
Chapter 19 Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
Study Guide for Content Mastery
Class
Date
Name
Answer Pages Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
19.1
19
STUDY GUIDE FOR CONTENT MASTERY
SECTION
Earthquakes
SECTION
Class
CHAPTER
19
CHAPTER
19.1
Date
STUDY GUIDE FOR CONTENT MASTERY
Forces Within Earth, continued
In your textbook, read about the different types of faults.
For each item in Column A, write the letter of the matching item in Column B.
Forces Within Earth
Column A
In your textbook, read about the effects of stress and strain on rocks.
Answer the following questions.
d
Column B
9. Fracture that forms as a result of horizontal
a. fault
compression
Typical Stress-Strain Curve
Failure
Stress
T262
Name
Elastic limit
b. fault plane
f
10. Fracture caused by horizontal shear
e
11. Famous California strike-slip fault
c
12. Fracture caused by horizontal tension
a
13. Fracture along which movement occurs
b
14. Fault surface along which movement takes place
c. normal fault
d. reverse fault
e. San Andreas
f.
strike-slip fault
Strain
In your textbook, read about the different kinds of seismic waves.
Complete the table by filling in the type or types of seismic waves described.
1. What is stress?
Stress is the forces per unit area acting on a material.
Seismic Waves
2. What is strain?
Description
Strain is the deformation of a material in response to stress.
15. Causes rock to move both up and down and
from side to side
3. What is compression?
Compression is stress that decreases the volume of a material.
16. Causes rock to move at right angles to the
direction in which the wave travels
4. What is tension?
17. Squeezes and pulls rock in the same direction
as the wave travels
Tension is stress that pulls a material apart.
Use the graph to answer questions 5–7.
5. What happens when stress exceeds the strength of a material?
Type of Seismic Wave
Surface wave
S-wave
P-wave
18. Can pass through Earth’s interior
P-wave, S-wave
19. Travels only along Earth’s surface
Surface wave
The material fails.
6. On the stress-strain curve, what part of the curve represents the elastic deformation
Study Guide for Content Mastery
of a material? What part represents ductile deformation?
The lower straight segment of the curve represents elastic deformation,
and the upper curved segment represents ductile deformation.
7. Which occurs at a lower stress value, ductile deformation or elastic deformation?
elastic deformation
8. Are rocks near Earth’s surface generally brittle or ductile? Rocks at great depths?
brittle; ductile
Study Guide for Content Mastery
Chapter 19 Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
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Chapter 19 Earth Science: Geology, the Environment, and the Universe
Study Guide for Content Mastery