Download 1. Conjugation

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ARCHAEBACTERIA
Live in harsh conditions
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EUBACTERIA
More normal and
common bacteria
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Archaebacteria are prokaryotes.
Prokaryotes are: single celled without a nucleus
organisms and are the smallest and simplest
forms of life.
Archaebacteria are found in anaerobic and
extreme conditions (high salt, high
temperature, and/or very acidic.)
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These are believed to be the conditions on the early
Earth. Earth’s early atmosphere did not contain
oxygen, therefore the earliest organisms were
anaerobic.
Anaerobic  can live in the absence of oxygen
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Lives in extremely salty places.
Picture on the right shows a salty pond in the
Arabian desert that has turned red due to the
presence of Halobacterium salinarum
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Thermus thermophilus
is an archaean which
can withstand very
high temperatures.
Often lives in hot
springs like those
found at Yellowstone.
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Eubacteria are also prokaryotes.
Eubacteria is made up of more traditional
bacteria and is a larger kingdom than
archaebacteria.
They are found in almost all habitats.
Eubacteria are unicellular and have no
membrane-bound organelles.
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ie: no nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, ER, or
Golgi apparatus.
Archaebacteria
and
Eubacteria
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Cocci  spherical
Bacilli  rod shaped
Spirilla  spiral shaped
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Cilia and Flagella allow a bacterium to move.
Cilia are hair-like and work like oars in a boat.
 Repetitive beating allows the cell to move.
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If a bacteria cannot move cilia can also move water
across the cell’s surface.
Flagella are whip-like and wave back and forth
to move the cell.
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Most bacteria are heterotrophs.
Heterotrophs feed on other organisms.
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These include parasites which live and feed off of a
living host
and decomposers that feed on dead and decaying
organisms
Some bacteria are autotrophs.
Autotrophs use chemicals or photosynthesis as
a form of energy.
Bacteria reproduce either asexually or sexually.
Asexual Reproduction
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Prokaryotes reproduce
by splitting in two in a
process called binary
fission.
The DNA is copied and
the cell divides into two
identical cells.
Sexual Reproduction
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Combines genes from
two different
individuals.
Prokaryotes that do not
technically reproduce
sexually can still mix
genes with one another.
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Cells that do not reproduce sexually can still
mix genes through three processes:
Conjugation- Two cells briefly join and one
cell donates DNA to the other.
Transformation – Bacteria pick up pieces of
DNA from the environment.
Transduction- viruses can transfer pieces of
DNA from one cell to another
These processes add genetic diversity to
bacteria.
Mutation is also a large source of genetic
diversity in bacteria.
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Bacteria cause disease in two ways:
By damaging tissues and breaking down cells
for food
By releasing toxins that interfere with the
normal bodily functions of the host.
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To treat diseases caused by bacteria we use:
Vaccines  small doses of live bacteria, killed
bacteria, or parts of bacterial cells which cause
an immune response.
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Vaccines allow your body to learn how to kill a
bacteria without getting sick.
Antibiotics  drugs that interfere with the
growth of bacteria