Download OCEAN FLOOR TOPOGRAPHY

OCEAN FLOOR TOPOGRAPHY
BACKGROUND
THE LITHOSPHERE IS THE CRUST AND TOP OF THE MANTLE, SIMILAR TO TAKING THE CRUST OFF THE TOP OF A DUTCH APPLE PIE. THE
LITHOSPHERE IS MADE UP OF PLATES. A PLATE IS A MOVING PIECE OF LITHOSPHERE. THERE ARE 7 MAJOR PLATES AND MANY MINOR
PLATES WHICH ARE MOVING. THE PLATES ARE MOVING FROM 2 – 10 cm/yr, ABOUT THE RATE AT WHICH FINGERNAILS GROW.
THE WATER ON OR NEAR THE SURFACE COVERS 71.13% OF THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH. THIS IS THE OCEANS, RIVERS, LAKES, AND
MOISTURE IN THE AIR. THE OCEAN PROVIDES ~80% OF THE O2 AND STORES ~97% OF EARTH’S H2O. THE OCEAN CONTAINS ~90% OF
THE BIOMASS, HOLDS ~90% OF ITS LIFE IN THE TOP 100 m, AND PROVIDES HABITAT FOR ~50% (~1 MILLION) OF ALL SPECIES. THE
OCEAN HAS AN AVERAGE DEPTH OF 4,000 m, AND PROVIDES ~17 % OF JOBS IN THE US. ~60% OF OCEAN SPECIES REMAIN
UNDISCOVERED AND MORE THAN 95% OF THE OCEAN REMAINS UNEXPLORED.
OCEAN FLOOR SPREADING EXPLAINS THAT THE FORMATION OF NEW OCEAN FLOOR MOVES THE CONTINENTS. THE OCEAN FLOOR IS
MOVED AS A RESULT OF THE FORMATION OF NEW OCEAN FLOOR AND AT THE SAME TIME NEW FLOOR IS CREATED, THE OLD FLOOR IS
DESTROYED. THE CONTINENTS ARE MOVED AS A RESULT OF OCEAN FLOOR MOVEMENT.
THE FEATURES OF THE OCEAN FLOOR ARE AS DIVERSE AS THE LAND.
RIFT VALLEYS OCCUR WHERE THE PLATES MOVE APART. MAGMA
EXTRUDES BETWEEN THE PLATES AND FORM UNDER WATER
MOUNTAIN CHAINS.
TRENCHES OCCUR WHERE PLATES COME TOGETHER. WHEN PLATES
COLLIDE, 1 PLATE SLIDES UNDER THE OTHER AND FORMS TRENCHES.
TRENCHES ARE WHERE OLD OCEAN FLOOR IS DESTROYED.
CONTINENT
MID OCEAN RIDGE
CONTINENTAL SHELF
THE CONTINENTAL SHELF IS PART OF THE CONTINENTAL CRUST THAT
EXTENDS INTO THE OCEAN. THE CONTINENTAL SHELF TRANSFORMS
INTO THE CONTINENTAL SLOPE AND MEETS THE OCEAN FLOOR. THE
OCEAN FLOOR SLOPES STEEPLY DOWN TO THE OCEAN BASIN OR
ABYSSAL PLAIN. THE ABYSSAL PLAIN IS THE FLAT OPEN PLAIN OF THE
OCEAN FLOOR.
ABYSSAL PLAIN
CONTINENTAL
SLOPE
SEAMOUNTS ARE UNDERWATER PEAKS WITH DIFFERENT SHAPED
TOPS.
TRENCH
SONAR, SOUND NAVIGATION AND RANGING, IS A TOOL USED TO MAP THE OCEAN
FLOOR. SOUND WAVES TRAVEL FURTHER IN WATER THAN DO LIGHT AND RADAR
WAVES. SONAR IS USED TO DEVELOP NAUTICAL CHARTS WHICH SHOW THE
CONFIGURATION OF THE SHORELINE, SEA FLOOR, AND WATER DEPTHS. SONAR
ALSO PROVIDES LOCATIONS OF DANGERS TO NAVIGATION AS WELL AS LOCATIONS
AND CHARACTERISTICS OF AIDS TO NAVIGATIONS SUCH AS ANCHORAGES.
THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF SONAR, ACTIVE AND PASSIVE. ACTIVE SONAR EMITS A
SIGNAL AND RECEIVES THE “ECHO” TO DETERMINE THE RANGE AND ORIENTATION
OF OBJECTS. PASSIVE SONAR DOES NOT EMIT A SIGNAL, IT DETECTS SOUND
WAVES AND CAN NOT DETERMINE THE RANGE AND ORIENTATION OF OBJECTS.
ACTIVE SONAR
PASSIVE SONAR
OCEAN DEPTHS CAN BE MEASURED AND MAPPED USING THE SONAR DATA AND THE FORMULA:
o
D = ½ (T x V), WHERE D = DEPTH, T = TIME, AND V = VELOCITY WHICH IN WATER AT 20 C IS 1.5 Km/s.
1. CALCULATE THE DEPTH OF THE OCEAN FLOOR
2. ROUND RESULTS TO THE ONE AND TENTHS PLACE
SONAR DATA COLLECTED FROM SHORE TO OPEN OCEAN
DIST (Km)
TIME (s)
DEPTH (Km)
10
0.13
II. MATERIALS
PENCIL
20
0.27
30
0.53
40
2.65
50
2.65
60
2.92
COLORED PENCILS
70
4.25
80
4.25
90
2.65
100
1.86
STRAIGHT EDGE
110
1.33
120
3.98
130
4.51
140
6.10
150
6.90
GRAPH PAPER
III. PROCEDURE
1. ORIENT PAPER SO THAT LONG EDGE IS AT THE BOTTOM
2. LABEL THE TOP OF THE GRAPH WITH DESCRIPTIVE TITLE “TOPOGRAPHY OF THE OCEAN FLOOR”
3. COUNT IN FROM THE LEFT SHORT EDGE 5 LINES AND MAKE A SMALL MARK
TH
4. ON THE 5 LINE, DRAW A LINE FROM TOP TO BOTTOM OF PAPER, THIS IS THE Y AXIS
5. COUNT IN 2 LINES FROM THE LEFT SHORT EDGE SIDE AND LABEL THE Y AXIS “DEPTH (Km)”
6. COUNT UP FROM THE BOTTOM LONG EDGE 5 LINES AND MAKE A SMALL MARK
TH
7. ON THE 5 LINE, DRAW A LINE FROM LEFT TO RIGHT ACROSS PAPER, THIS IS THE X AXIS
8. COUNT UP 2 LINES FROM BOTTOM LONG EDGE AND LABEL THE X AXIS “DISTANCE FROM SHORE (Km)”
9. ON THE X AXIS, LABEL THE ORIGIN 0 AND LABEL EVERY OTHER LINE NUMERICALLY BY 10’S UP TO 200
10. ON THE Y AXIS, BEGIN AT ORIGIN AND LABEL EVERY LINE NUMERICALLY BY 0.5 ‘S UP TO 12.0
11. USE BLUE DOTS TO PLOT THE DEPTH
12. CONNECT EACH DOT WITH A BLUE LINE
13. CREATE A KEY ON THE GRAPH
IV. RESULTS
THIS IS THE COMPLETED GRAPH
160
12.25
170
14.60
DATA TABLE
180
6.64
190
7.96
200
7.43
1. IDENTIFY THE FEATURES OF THE OCEAN FLOOR
2. COLOR EACH FEATURE THE CORRESPONDING COLOR
1. MID OCEAN RIDGE,
RED
2. CONTINENTAL SHELF,
BLUE
3. TRENCH,
BLACK
4. CONTINENT,
GREEN
5. ABYSSAL PLAIN,
ORANGE
6. CONTINENTAL SLOPE,
PURPLE
1. USE BLUE DOTS TO PLOT THE OCEAN FLOOR USING DATA FROM “SONAR DATA COLLECTED FROM SHORE TO OPEN OCEAN” TABLE
2. CONNECT EACH DOT WITH A BLUE LINE
0
1
2
OCEAN FLOOR DEPTH (Km)
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210
DISTANCE FROM SHORE (Km)
V. CONCLUSION
1. DESCRIBE HOW ACTIVE SONAR IS USED TO MAP THE OCEAN
FLOOR.
11. LIST AND DESCRIBE THE 3 TYPES ENERGY TRANSFER.
2. WHAT IS THE FORMULA FOR CALCULATING OCEAN FLOOR
DEPTH?
3. DESCRIBE OCEAN CURRENTS.
4. WHAT PERCENT OF SURFACE IS COVERED BY WATER?
5. HOW MANY MAJOR CURRENTS ARE IN THE OCEANS?
6. WHAT CREATES CURRENTS?
7. WHAT DOES THE OCEAN EFFECT?
8. AFTER THE SUN, WHAT HAS THE MOST EFFECT ON CLIMATE?
9. DESCRIBE CLIMATE.
10. DESCRIBE WEATHER.
12. OCEAN CURRENTS ARE CONVEYER BELTS, WHAT DO THEY
TRANSPORT?
13. DESCRIBE SURFACE CURRENTS.
14. DESCRIBE DEEP WATER CURRENTS
15. DESCRIBE TOPOGRAPHY.
16. WHAT IMPACTS CURRENTS BY REDIRECTING CURRENTS.
17. WHAT DO SURFACE CURRENTS TRANSPORT AND DISTRIBUTE
GASES.