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general psychology Approaches and Schools of Psychology Firouz meroei milan www.soran.edu.iq 1 Approaches and Schools of Psychology: • Not all psychologists look at psychology the same way. • Some believe that you are who you are purely because of your genetics. • Some believe that experiences play a much bigger factor. • Psychology is a broad field that aims to answer questions from many different perspectives. • We are going to look at the different schools and approaches to psychology. www.soran.edu.iq Lesson 2: Approaches and Schools of Psychology: • By the late 1800’s, psychology was beginning to emerge as a separate scientific discipline. • Biologist Charles Darwin came up with the theory of natural selection. • Psychology branched into two schools of psychology (structuralism and functionalism) and from there several approaches to psychology. www.soran.edu.iq Structuralism: Wilhelm Wundt • Wilhelm Wundt – Credited as the founder of scientific psychology because in 1879 he set up a research laboratory in Germany. • The lab was dedicated to the scientific study of conscious experiences and sensations. • Introspection – the process of looking inward to identify how one feels, thinks, or acts. • he replicated his studies in different conditions with similar results. • Wundt helped found the School of Structuralism which aimed to focus on the structure of the mind and indentify the basic elements of consciousness. www.soran.edu.iq Functionalism: William James: • William James was a psychologist that felt that Wundt was asking the wrong questions. • James was more interested in the function or purpose of behavioral acts. • School of Functionalism – Researchers that focused on how we adapt to our environments. (stream of consciousness) • Main Goal: Explain human behavior • Also wrote first psychology textbook www.soran.edu.iq Gestalt Psychology: • Max Wertheimer – founded Gestalt Psychology • The whole is more than the sum of it’s parts • Example: A beautiful painting • A painting is more than just colors and line – its an experience • So, each person has a completely different experience when viewing the world – must be sensitive to this during therapy. www.soran.edu.iq Eight Approaches to Psychology: Behavioral • Behavioral Approach – Focuses on measuring and recording observable behavior. (behavior results from learning) • Pavlov and his dogs, Watson and Baby Albert, Skinner and his rats. (rewards, punishments, and associations) • All these men believed that psychology should be the science of behavior. www.soran.edu.iq Eight Approaches to Psychology: Psychoanalytic / Psychodynamic • Psychoanalytic Approach – Focuses on unconscious internal conflicts to explain mental disorders, personality, and motivation. • Sigmund Freud developed this approach and focused on unconscious desires (Freudian slips, life and death instincts, libido, early life experiences. • Psychodynamic Approach – Those that varied Freud’s ideas but kept with the roots of psychoanalysis. www.soran.edu.iq Eight Approaches to Psychology: Humanistic • Humanistic Approach – Emphases the importance of people’s feelings and view human nature as naturally positive and growth seeking. • Abraham Maslow (Hierarchy of Needs) and Carl Rogers (Unconditional Positive Regard) led the charge. • This approach came out the 60’s and 70’s. www.soran.edu.iq Eight Approaches to Psychology: Biological • Biological Approach – Examines how complex chemical and biological processes within the nervous and endocrine systems are related to the behavior of organisms. • Much research is being done today using this approach – Brain based research. www.soran.edu.iq Eight Approaches to Psychology: Cognitive • Cognitive Approach – Emphasizes the importance of receiving, storing, and processing information. • It also focuses on thinking, reasoning, and using language to understand human behavior. • Cognition – thinking and memory. www.soran.edu.iq Eight Approaches to Psychology: Evolutionary • Evolutionary Approach –Attempts to explain behavior patterns as adaptations naturally selected to increase reproductive success. • This approach uses Darwin’s theory of natural selection as a basis. • Darwin wrote Origin of Species. www.soran.edu.iq Eight Approaches to Psychology: Socio-cultural • As time progressed more people were traveling and visiting other cultures. • Psychologists soon recognized the difference in cultural gestures, body language, and spoken language. • Socio-cultural Approach – Examines the cultural differences in an attempt to understand, predict, and control behavior. www.soran.edu.iq Eight Approaches to Psychology: Eclectic The most widely used psychological approach today is eclectic Eclectic – No one perspective can best explain all human behavior So…Eclectic psychologists use a combination of all the approaches www.soran.edu.iq