Download 1. What is a solution?

Name ___________________________________ _
AP Chemistry
Chapter 13 – 13th Edition
DEFINE OR WRITE AS YOU READ THE CHAPTER:
Vocabulary Terms:
Solvation
Hydration
Entropy
Crystallization
Saturated
Solubility
Unsaturated
Supersaturated
Formulas for:
mass percentage
mole fraction
molarity (M)
No Longer on AP Exam but still “out there” so I want you to be aware of these terms (but I
won’t ask questions about them):
molality
parts per million/parts per billion – abbreviated ppm or ppb – most pollution is reported in these
units
1.
What is a solution?
2. Which of the following are solutions? Sterling silver, air, Kool-Aid, tap water, brass, copper, distilled water.
3.
How is entropy related to the formation of solutions? And while we’re at it, what is entropy anyway?
4.
How do intermolecular forces determine whether a solution forms?
5.
Study Figure 13.2 and write a summary of what Figure 13.2 is demonstrating.
6.
Read the section called “Energetics of Solution Formation”. Then look at equation 13.1. What are the
three steps in the solvation process? What are the signs of each ΔH in the solvation process?
7.
Define endothermic:
Define exothermic:
REALLY IMPORTANT THOUGHT PROCESS BELOW:
The formation of a solution can be either _____________________ or ____________________________.
Processes that are ___________________________ tend to occur spontaneously.
If a process is too ___________________________ it won’t occur. So why would an endothermic solution EVER
occur?
What must be strong enough to make Hmix comparable in magnitude to Hsolute + Hsolvent and therefore
drive the making of an endothermic solution?
Processes occurring at a constant temperature in which the ____________________ of the system increase tend to occur
spontaneously.
What is entropy?
Formation of solutions is favored by the increase in ___________________ that accompanies mixing.
8. Read the section called “Solution Formation and Chemical Reactions”
Is the formation of a solution by dissolution the same as the formation of a solution because a chemical reaction
occurred? What is the difference?
9.
Read “13.2 Saturated Solutions and Solubility”. What does it mean to say that a “solution is in
equilibrium with undissolved solvent”?
Draw pictures (don’t just draw what’s in the book; the pictures in the book are of a supersaturated solution only)
and explain unsaturated, saturated, and supersaturated solutions
Is a supersaturated solution of sodium acetate a stable equilibrium solution? Explain.
10. Read “13.3 Factors Affecting Solubility” and make a list of those factors.
The stronger the attraction between solute and solvent, the _____________________________________ (higher or lower?) the
solubility.
What do you call organic molecules with a –OH group?
NOTE: an organic molecule with an –OH group is different from an ionic molecule with an OH- group. Compare
and contrast the alcohol group with the hydroxide ion. How can you tell them apart?
What happens to solubility as you add carbons to alcohols? Why?
Suppose the hydrogens on the OH groups in glucose (Figure 13.10) were replaced with methyl groups, CH3. Would
you expect the solubility in water of the resulting molecule to be higher than, lower than, or about the same as the
solubility of glucose?
Do the Practice Exercise on page 540.
SKIP Pressure Effects, but read Temperature effects and answer: As a solution gets colder, does a gas become
MORE or LESS soluble in the liquid phase? Is this the SAME or DIFFERENT from solid solutes?
SO . . . is your soda that you store in the fridge going to have MORE or LESS CO2 in it than one that is at room
temperature (assuming the same pressure).
On a piece of paper upon which you have written “Chapter 13 Book Problems”
do the following problems:
Visualizing Concepts
13.2, 13.3, 13.5, 13.12
The Solution Process
13.13, 13.15, 13.17, 13.19
Saturated Solutions: Factors Affecting Solubility
13.23, 13.29, 13.31
Concentrations of Solutions
Optional: if you feel you need more practice on molarity, do 13.43 and check your answers in the back of the book.