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One-Step Equations and Inverse Operations Andrew Gloag Melissa Kramer Anne Gloag Say Thanks to the Authors Click http://www.ck12.org/saythanks (No sign in required) To access a customizable version of this book, as well as other interactive content, visit www.ck12.org AUTHORS Andrew Gloag Melissa Kramer Anne Gloag EDITOR Annamaria Farbizio CK-12 Foundation is a non-profit organization with a mission to reduce the cost of textbook materials for the K-12 market both in the U.S. and worldwide. Using an open-content, web-based collaborative model termed the FlexBook®, CK-12 intends to pioneer the generation and distribution of high-quality educational content that will serve both as core text as well as provide an adaptive environment for learning, powered through the FlexBook Platform®. Copyright © 2012 CK-12 Foundation, www.ck12.org The names “CK-12” and “CK12” and associated logos and the terms “FlexBook®” and “FlexBook Platform®” (collectively “CK-12 Marks”) are trademarks and service marks of CK-12 Foundation and are protected by federal, state, and international laws. Any form of reproduction of this book in any format or medium, in whole or in sections must include the referral attribution link http://www.ck12.org/saythanks (placed in a visible location) in addition to the following terms. Except as otherwise noted, all CK-12 Content (including CK-12 Curriculum Material) is made available to Users in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution/NonCommercial/Share Alike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC-SA) License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/), as amended and updated by Creative Commons from time to time (the “CC License”), which is incorporated herein by this reference. Complete terms can be found at http://www.ck12.org/terms. Printed: March 11, 2013 www.ck12.org C ONCEPT Concept 1. One-Step Equations and Inverse Operations 1 One-Step Equations and Inverse Operations Here you’ll learn how to isolate variables using inverse operations in order to solve equations in one step. What if you were in a math contest and were given the equation x + 4 = 16? Or how about the equation 9x = 72? Could you solve each of these equations in one step? After completing this Concept, you’ll be able to solve equations like these in a just a single step by using inverse operations. Guidance It’s Easier than You Think You have been solving equations since the beginning of this textbook, although you may not have recognized it. For example, in a previous Concept, you determined the answer to the pizza problem below. $20.00 was one-quarter of the money spent on pizza. 1 4m = 20.00 What divided by 4 equals 20.00? The solution is 80. So, the amount of money spent on pizza was $80.00. By working through this question mentally, you were applying mathematical rules and solving for the variable m. Definition: To solve an equation means to write an equivalent equation that has the variable by itself on one side. This is also known as isolating the variable. In order to begin solving equations, you must understand three basic concepts of algebra: inverse operations, equivalent equations, and the Addition Property of Equality. Inverse Operations and Equivalent Equations In another Concept, you learned how to simplify an expression using the Order of Operations: Parentheses, Exponents, Multiplication and Division completed in order from left to right, and Addition and Subtraction (also completed from left to right). Each of these operations has an inverse. Inverse operations “undo” each other when combined. For example, the inverse of addition is subtraction. The inverse of an exponent is a root. Definition: Equivalent equations are two or more equations having the same solution. The Addition Property of Equality Just like Spanish, chemistry, or even music, mathematics has a set of rules you must follow in order to be successful. These rules are called properties, theorems, or axioms. They have been proven or agreed upon years ago, so you can apply them to many different situations. For example, the Addition Property of Equality allows you to apply the same operation to each side of an equation, or “what you do to one side of an equation you can do to the other.” The Addition Property of Equality For all real numbers a, b, and c: If a = b, then a + c = b + c. Solving One-Step Equations Using Addition or Subtraction Because subtraction can be considered “adding a negative,” the Addition Property of Equality also works if you need to subtract the same value from each side of an equation. 1 www.ck12.org Example A Solve for y : 16 = y − 11. Solution: When asked to solve for y, your goal is to write an equivalent equation with the variable y isolated on one side. Write the original equation: 16 = y − 11. Apply the Addition Property of Equality: 16 + 11 = y − 11 + 11. Simplify by adding like terms: 27 = y. The solution is y = 27. Example B Solve for z : 5 = z + 12 Solution: Apply the Addition Property of Equality: 5 = z + 12 5 − 12 = z + 12 − 12 5 − 12 = z −7 = z The solution is −7 = z. Equations that take one step to isolate the variable are called one-step equations. Such equations can also involve multiplication or division. Solving One-Step Equations Using Multiplication or Division The Multiplication Property of Equality For all real numbers a, b, and c: If a = b, then a(c) = b(c). Example C Solve for k : −8k = −96. Solution: Because −8k = −8 × k, the inverse operation of multiplication is division. Therefore, we must cancel multiplication by applying the Multiplication Property of Equality. Write the original equation: −8k = −96. Apply the Multiplication Property of Equality: −8k ÷ −8 = −96 ÷ −8. The solution is k = 12. When working with fractions, you must remember: division, you really must multiply by its reciprocal. 2 a b × ba = 1. In other words, in order to cancel a fraction using www.ck12.org Concept 1. One-Step Equations and Inverse Operations Guided Practice 1. Determine the inverse of division. 2. Solve 18 · x = 1.5. Solutions: 1. To undo division by a number, you would multiply by the same number. 2. The variable x is being multiplied by one-eighth. Instead of dividing two fractions, we multiply by the reciprocal of 81 , which is 8. 1 8 · x = 8(1.5) 8 x = 12 Practice Sample explanations for some of the practice exercises below are available by viewing the following video. Note that there is not always a match between the number of the practice exercise in the video and the number of the practice exercise listed in the following exercise set. However, the practice exercise is the same in both. CK-12 Ba sic Algebra:One-Step Equations (12:30) MEDIA Click image to the left for more content. Solve for the given variable. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. x + 11 = 7 x − 1.1 = 3.2 7x = 21 4x = 1 2 5x 12 = 3 x + 52 = 32 x − 56 = 83 0.01x = 11 q − 13 = −13 z + 1.1 = 3.0001 21s = 3 t + 12 = 31 7f 7 11 = 11 3 1 4 = −2 ·y 3 6r = 8 9b 3 16 = 8 3