Download Bio 2013-2014 Final Study Guide

Biology 2010-2011 Final - Study Guide
1. What is an inference?
2. What is a hypothesis?
3. What is the difference between a theory and a hypothesis?
4. What are the differences between sexual and asexual reproduction?
5. Which characteristic of living things is important to the survival of a group of animals rather than an individual
member of this group? Why?
6. What structures are included in the level of organization called groups of cells?
7. Why might scientists prefer using metric units of length rather than feet or inches?
8. Distinguish between RNA and DNA.
9. Where does the energy that enables you to breathe and think come from?
10. What does the cell theory say?
11. How do prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ?
12. What are two functions of the nucleus?
Figure 7–2
13. Identify each of the cell structures indicated in Figure 7–2. Use these terms: nucleus, mitochondrion, ribosome, cell
membrane, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, rough endoplasmic reticulum, nucleolus, Golgi apparatus, cytoplasm.
14. What would happen if the cell membrane became impermeable?
15. What is the difference between an autotroph and a heterotroph? Give an example of each type of organism.
16. Explain how heterotrophs get their energy from the sun even though they cannot make their own food.
17. What is ATP, and when is energy released from it?
18. Write the overall equation for photosynthesis in both symbols and words.
19. A student exposed two plants to only red light and two plants to only green light. Which plants should grow better?
Why?
20. What does the Calvin cycle do?
21. Describe the relationship between the light-dependent and the light-independent reactions.
22. What is cellular respiration?
23. What are the two types of fermentation? How do their products differ?
24. What roles does oxygen play in photosynthesis and in cellular respiration?
25. Write the overall equation for respiration in both symbols and words.
26. List two problems that growth causes for cells.
Figure 10–1
27. The main events of the cell cycle are labeled A, B, C, and D in Figure 10–1. Name these events. Then, briefly state
what happens during each event.
28. Explain the difference between cytokinesis in plant cells and animal cells.
29. Identify a factor that can stop cells from dividing.
30. How do cancer cells differ from normal cells?
31. Define genetics.
32. How many recessive alleles for a trait must an organism inherit in order to exhibit that trait?
33. How many sets of chromosomes are in a diploid cell?
34. Define homologous chromosomes.
35. What happens to the number of chromosomes per cell during meiosis?
36. Contrast the cells produced by mitosis with those produced by meiosis.
37. What is a pedigree chart?
38. What is the goal of the Human Genome Project?
39. In what way did the voyage of the Beagle provide Charles Darwin with an ideal opportunity for collecting and
analyzing data?
40. State a general observation that Charles Darwin made about organisms and their environments.
41. What evidence did Charles Darwin collect in addition to specimens of organisms alive during his time?
42. What was Jean-Baptiste Lamarck’s overall belief about the way organisms changed over time?
43. What did Charles Darwin discover about the Galápagos birds that he thought were different kinds of wrens,
warblers, and blackbirds?
44. What did Charles Darwin conclude about the existence of a common ancestor for all life?
45. Summarize Charles Darwin’s contribution to science.
46. Are the members of a population necessarily the same species? Explain.
47. What are the two main sources of genetic variation? Which of them is more common?
48. Would a trait that has only two distinct phenotypes more likely be a single-gene trait or a polygenic trait? How do
you know?
49. What does a bell-shaped curve showing the phenotypes for human height indicate about the relative number of
very short and very tall people?
50. Is an allele for a trait that has no effect on a species’ fitness affected by natural selection?
Explain.
51. Why might a geographic barrier such as a large river cause the formation of a new species of small rodents but not
a new species of birds?
52. Interpreting Graphics Describe the experimental setup shown in Figure 7–4. Do you expect the distribution of
the solutes on each side of the membrane to change over time?
Figure 7–5
53. Interpreting Graphics Which drawing in Figure 7–5, –I or II–
What is this structure labeled in the diagram?
contains structures that carry out photosynthesis?
54. Comparing and Contrasting Look at Figure 7–5. Which structure in drawing I corresponds to structure M in
drawing II? What is the name of this structure?
55. Comparing and Contrasting Which structure in drawing I of Figure 7–5 corresponds to structure L in drawing
II? What is the name of this structure?
56. Interpreting Graphics Which organelle is labeled K in Figure 7–5? What is the function of this organelle?
57. Interpreting Graphics Do the drawings in Figure 7–5 represent prokaryotes or eukaryotes? How do you know?
Figure 10–4
58. Interpreting Graphics What does Figure 10–4 represent? How do you know if this is an animal cell or a plant
cell?
59. Inferring What is the chromosome number of the cell shown in Figure 10–4?
60. Inferring Identify the structures labeled X and Y in Figure 10–4.
61. Applying Concepts Evidence indicates that dolphins evolved from ancestors that walked on land. How can the
concept of natural selection be used to explain the evolution of the present-day dolphin body?
62. Comparing and Contrasting Sharks and dolphins, which belong to different vertebrate groups, are not closely
related. How can Darwin’s ideas about evolution help explain such a similar appearance?
63. What is the goal of science?
64. Can a theory change over time? Explain your answer.
65. How would you determine whether something is living or nonliving?
66. How is chemistry related to living things?
67. Compare prokaryotes with eukaryotes. Give an example of each type of cell.
68. Compare and contrast the structure and function of the cell wall with that of the cell membrane.
69. Discuss the relationship between autotrophs and heterotrophs. Do heterotrophs depend on autotrophs for their
survival? Explain your answer.
70. Compare the storage capacity of ATP and glucose. How does the cell use each of these molecules to store energy?
71. List and describe the main events of the cell cycle. Illustrate your description with a diagram of the cell cycle.
72. Discuss the relationship between mitosis and cytokinesis. What would be the result if one happened without the
other?
73. Explain the difference between incomplete dominance and codominance.
74. Explain why the daughter cells produced by meiosis are genetically different from each other, whereas the
daughter cells produced by mitosis are not.
75. Explain how the finches and tortoises that Charles Darwin observed on the Galápagos Islands influenced his
thinking.
76. Why is it possible that Alfred Wallace independently developed the same ideas about evolution that Darwin did?
77. What might happen if a well-adapted population experienced sudden major changes in its environment?
78. How is the idea of common descent supported by examples of homologous structures?
79. What sources of evidence did Charles Darwin consider when he presented his concept of evolution by natural
selection?
80. Explain how shuffling a deck of playing cards can be a good model for the effect of sexual reproduction on the
relative frequency of alleles in a population and the possible combinations of alleles.
81. Define mutation and describe one situation in which a point mutation—the alteration of a single
nucleotide—would affect an organism’s phenotype and another situation in which a point mutation would not
affect phenotype.
82. Define and explain the endosymbiotic theory.