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New Jersey Science League
Biology
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II Answer Key
Date: March 2012
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BIOLOGY II For all second year and AP level students. NOTE: Consistent with a modem approach to biology,
principles of evolution will be included in every test as these apply to the topics listed. 80 multiple choice questions
per exam.
JANUARY TEST: evolution, general chemisfy, water, chemistry ofcarbon molecules, structure and firnction of
macromolecules, eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell structure and function including membrane tuanspott, ATP
synthesis, photosynthesis and cell respiration, enzymatic regulation ofbiochemical reactions.
FEBRUARY TEST: evolution, eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell cycles, chromosomes, meiosis and gametogenesis,
Mendelian and non-Mendelian pattems ofgenetic inleritance, molecular genetics and biotechnology,
bioinformatics, genetic diseases, genetics ofviruses and bacteria, population genetics.
MARCH TEST: evolution, phylogeny and sfematics, prokaryotes, protists, fungi, comparative anatomy and
physiology ofthe plant kingdom (from green algae to flowering plants - with emphasis on angiosperm form and
function
and physiology ofthe animal kingdom with emphasis on hurnan
anatomy and physiology (nutrition and digestion, circulation and gas exchange, immunity and disease,
osmoregulation and excretion, hormonal control, reproduction and development, neryous control and sensory
mechanisms), ecology (relationships, energy flow, cycling of matter, biomes, ecosystems, populations), behavior.
APRIL TEST: evolution, comparative anatomy
TESTING DATES F'ORTHE NEW JERSEY SCIENCE LEAGUE
Thu rsday Ma rch 8, 2012 ; *Th ursd ay Lpril 12, 2012
The April exam must be completed by April 30th. No area may take the April exam
during the frrst week of April or during the first week of May.
New Jersey Science League
phone
PO Box 65 Stewa¡tsvilie, NJ 08886-0065
# 908-213-8923 lax # 908-213-8924 email [email protected] or [email protected] Web åddress
ryww.enter.net/-niscil
Testing Dates 2013
Thursday January 10, 2013, Thursday Feb 14, 2013;
Thursday March 14,2013; *Thursday April 11, 2013
*The April2013 exâm cân be changed based upon the School's spring breâk.
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New Jersey Science League
Biology II March 2012 Exam
l) Which ofthese illusfates
a. Panthera leo
the correct representation ofthe binomial scientific name for the African lion?
d. Panthera Leo
b. panthera leo
c. Panlhera leo
e,
Pønthera leo
2) A phylogenetic tree that is "rooted" is one
that extends back to the origin of life on Earth.
at whose base islocated the common ancestor of all taxa depicted on that tree.
that illustrates the rampant gene swapping that occurred early in life's history.
that indicates our uncertainty about the evolutionary relationships ofthe taxa depicted on the tree.
with very few branch points.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
3) If organisms A, B, and C belong to the same class but to different orders and if organisms D, E, and F belong
to the same order but to diffe¡ent families, which ofthe following pairs oforganisms would be expected to
show the greatest degree of structural homology?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
AandB
AandC
BandD
CandF
D and F
4) Some molecular data place the giant pa¡rda in the bear family (Ursidae) but place the lesser panda in the
raccoon family (Procyonidae). Consequently, the morphological similarities oftJìese two species are
probably due to
inheritanceofacquiredcharacteristics.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
sexual selection.
inheritance of shared derived characters.
possession of analogous structures.
possession of shared primitìve characters.
5) Generally, within a lineage, the largest number of shared derived char¿cters should be found among two
organisms that are members ofthe same
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
kingdom.
class.
family
order.
domain.
6) When using a cladistic approach to systematics, which ofthe following is considered most important for
a.
b.
c.
classification?
d.
e.
shared primitive characters
analogous primitive characters
shared derived characters
the number ofhomoplasies
ove¡all phenotJpic similarìty
7) Phylogenetic hypotheses (such as those represented by phylogenetic trees) are shongest when
they are based on amino acid sequences from homologous proteins, as long as the genes that code for such
proteins contain no introns.
each clade is defined by a single derived character.
they are supported by more than one kind ofevidence, such as when fossil evidence corroborates molecular
evidence.
they are accepted by the foremost authorities in the field, especially ifthey have won Nobel P¡ìzes.
they are based on a single DNA sequence that seems to be a shared de¡ived sequence.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
8) Which kind ofDNA sbould provide the best molecular clock for gauging the evolutionary relatedness
several species whose common ancesto¡ became extinct billions ofyears ago?
Lhat coding for ribosomal RNA
intronic DNA belonging to a gene whose product performs a crucial function
paralogous DNA that has lost its function (i.e., no longer codes for fi.¡nctional gene product)
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
mitochondrial DNA
exonic DNA that codes for a non-crucial part ofa polypeptide
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9) The most importânt featue that permits a gene to act as a molecular clock is
having a large number ofbase pairs.
having a larger proportion ofexonic DNA than of intronic DNA.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
a reliable average rate ofmutation.
its recent origin by a gene-duplication event.
its being acted upon by natur¿l selection.
having
l0) You are given an unknown organism to identif. It is unicellular and heterotrophic. It is motile, using many
shof extensions ofthe cytoplasm, each featudng the 9+2 filament pattem. It has well-developed organelles
and three nuclei, one large and two small. This organism is most likely a member ofwhich group?
a.
b.
c.
I
l)
a.
d.
e.
foramìniferans
radiolarians
kinetoplastids
slime molds
ciliates
Suppose the population size of a population of marmots is 300. According to genetic drift theory, what is
the probability that a ne\¡',ly arisen mutation will become fixed in this population?
l/100
b. l/300 c. 1/600
d.lll200
e. None
ofthe above
12) When researchers apply the principles of evolution to produce new molecules that can be used for
pharmaceuticals, they are
a. bioprospecting.
d. using biomes.
b. performing ¡r? v¡Tro evolution.
e. riboz¡.rning.
c. performing concerted evolution
I
3) Catastrophism, meaning the regular occunence of geological or meteorological distubances (catâstrophes),
was Cuvier's attempt to explain the existence of
evolution.
the origin ofnew specìes.
the fossil record.
natural selection.
uni formitarian ism.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
is based on all ofthe following except
genetic variation exists within populations.
the best-adapted individuals tend to leave the most offspring.
individuals who survive longer tend to leave more offspring than those who die young.
populations tend to produce more individuals than the environment can support.
individuals adapt to their environments and, thereby, evolve.
l4) Natural selection
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
l5) Over evolutionary time, many cave-dwelling organisms have lost their
a.
b.
c.
d.
eyes. Other losses over evolutionary
time are tapeworms have lost their digestive systems and whales have lost their hind lìmbs. How can
nahrral selection account for these losses?
Natural selection cannot account for losses, only for innovations.
Natural selection accounts for tJìese losses by the principle ofuse and disuse.
Under particular circumst¿nces that persisted for long periods, each ofthese structures presented greater
costs than benefits.
The ancestors ofthese organisms experienced harmful mutations that forced them to find new habitats that
these species had not previously used.
16) Members oftwo different species possess a similarlooking structure that they use in a similar fashion
performing the same function. Which information would best help distinguish between an explanation
based on homology versus an explanation based on convergent evolution?
The two species live at great dist¿nce from each other.
The two species share many proteins in common, and the nucleotide sequences that code for these proteins
axe almost identical.
The sizes ofthe structures in adult members ofboth species are similar in size.
Both species are well adapted to their particular environments.
Both species reproduce sexually.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
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17) What was the species concept most used by Linnaeus?
a.
b.
c.
d.
biological
morphological
ecological
phylogenetic
l8) A defining characteristic of allopatric speciation
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
is
the appearance ofnew species in the midst of old ones.
asexually reproducing populations.
geographicìsolation.
artificialselection.
large populations.
l9) According
a.
b.
c,
d.
e.
to the concept ofpunctuated equilibrium, the "sudde¡" appearance of a new species in the fossil
record means that
the species is no\ry extinct.
speciationoccunedinstantaneoùsly.
speciation occurred in one generation.
speciation occuned rapidly ìn geologic time.
the species will consequently have a relatively short existence, compared wìth other species.
d
20) Which ofthe following factors would ¿of contribute to allopatric speciation?
A population becomes geographically isolated ftom the parent population.
The separated population is small, and genetic drift occurs.
The isolated population is exposed to differcnt selection pressures than the ancestral population.
Different mutations begin to distinguish the gene pools ofthe separated populations.
Gene flow between the two populations is extensive.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
2l) Beginning with a single
bacterium, how many cells would be present after four hours ofgrowth
double every 20 minutes?
a. 12
d. 4,096
b.24
e.34,217,728
c. 64
Use the diagram ofthe life cycle
of afem for #s 22,23,24,25
22) What
processes are represented by box
and box 2 respectively?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
I
ei'-S
box I - mitosis, box 2: meiosis
box I = meiosis, box 2 : fertilization
box I : fertilization, box 2 = mitosis
box I : mitosis, box 2 = fertilization
box I = rneiosis, box 2: mitosis
23) Which ofthe labeled structures are diploid?
"56-C
*
lp"
-,
.@*"*"
a. Only C and D
b. A, B, C, D and E are all diploid
c. Only A, B and E
d. Only D and E
e. Onìy B and C
L*_
ìW
24) Structures C and D
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
are part of
the sporophyte generation
the gametophlte generation
the haplodiplontic life cycle
the
juvenile component
the macrosporangium
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ifthey can
25) Contrasting the fern life cycle with the life cycle of a true flowering plant we can say that
a. in the fem life cycle the gametophyte generation is more significant than in the flowering plant
life cycle.
b. the fern has a more significantly developed vascular system.
c. fem seeds tend to be much larger than flowering plant seeds.
d. in the flowering plant life cycle the sporophyte generation is limited to the megasporè and
e.
microspore.
there is no true gametophyte generation in the flowering plant life cycle.
26)
The transfer ofgenes by uptake
ofDNA from
,-..\
'i.,..î
dead organisms characterizes which type ofgene transfer in
bacteria?
a.
b.
Conjugation
Transference
d. Tr¿nsformation
e.
None ofthe above
c. Transduction
27) All plasmids
bacterial
chromosome.
b. have an R factor.
a. are integrated into the
c. have a capsid.
d. have an origin ofreplication.
e.
All ofthe above
28) When tryptophan accumulates in a bacterial cell,
a. it binds to the operator, p¡eventing transcription of adjacent genes.
b. it binds to the promoter, allowing transcription ofadjacent genes.
c. it binds to the repressor, causing it to bind to the operator.
d. it binds to the genes that code for enzymes.
e. it binds to RNA and initiates a negative feedback loop to reduce transcription.
29) During prokaryotic cell division, two chromosomes
sepamte from each other and dishibute into the
daughter cells by
a. attachment to
b. a mitotic
c. repellent forces.
microtubules.
spindle.
d. attachment to separating membrane
e.
All ofthe
above.
30) In order for a prokaryote cell to divide, which ofthe following must occur?
a. A reproductive signal, replication, segregation ofDNA, and cytokinesis
b. DNA replication, crossing over, and segregation ofDNA
c. DNA replication and segregation ofDNA
d. Cell growth and cfokinesis
e. DNA ¡eplication, segregation ofDNA, and cytokinesis
3l) During
bacterial cell division, the two DNA molecules are separated by
centrosomes.
b. spindle fibers.
d. pinching ofthe plasma membrane.
e. aneuploidy.
a.
c. nucleosomes.
32) Fungi may be
a.
saprobes.
parasites.
d. mutualists.
b.
c. pathogens.
e.
All ofthe above
33) Lichens
are
a. a single organism.
b. prevalent in industrialized cities.
c. plant cells in association with fi.rngal cells.
d. rapìd growers.
e. most often a unicellular green alga in association with fungal cells.
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regions.
:, -\
ì i
34) Reproduction in fungi
a. can occur sexually by the formation of spores.
b. occurs sexually when h¡phae ofdifferent mating t)?es fuse and make spores by meiosis.
c. can occur sexually in unicellular ñ:ngi by budding.
d. occurs sexually when hyphae ofdifferent mating Opes fuse and make spores by mitosis.
e. occurs sexually by altematìon ofgenerations in all fungi.
35) The names offirngal classes are based on important and characteristic structures associated with
a. sexual reproduction.
d. vegetative growth.
b. nutrition.
c. ecoìory.
e. cell division.
36) Which ofthe following statements is sufficient to identify an unknoun organism as belonging to the fungi?
a. lt is multicellular and nonphotosynthetìc.
b. It has cell walls and reproduces by spores.
c. It has filamentous growth and obtains its food by absorption.
d. It has prokaryotic cells and cell walls made ofchitin.
e. It is unicellular and eukaryotic.
37) One adaptation tlìat fungi have for absorptive nutrition, in which nutrients are absorbed across the cell
surfaces, is
a. lack ofa cell wall.
d. tolerance oflow temperatures.
b. a low surface area-to-volume ratio
e. tolerance ofhigh temperatures.
c. a high surface area-to-volume ratio.
38) Which ofthe following characteristics is unique to the fungi?
a. Altemation of generations
b. Spores
c. Dikaryotic condition
d. Fusion ofnucleì
e. Plasmogamy
39) The absorptive nutrition of fungi is aided by
a. dikaryon formation.
d. their large surface area-to-volume ratio.
e. their possession of chloroplasts.
b. spore formation.
c. the fact that they are all parasites.
40) Reproductive structures consisting ofone or more photos)mt¡etic cells surrounded by fungal hyphae are
called
ascospores.
b. basidiospores.
a.
d. soredia.
e. gametes.
c. conidia.
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4l) In the moss life cycle, above, what processes
represented by box I and box 2 respectively?
a. box I : mitosis, box 2 = meiosis
b. box I : meiosis, box 2: fertilization
c. box I : fertilization, box 2: mitosis
d. box 1 = mitosis, box 2 = fertilization
e. box I = meiosis, box 2 = mitosis
are
4z)Letter C in the diagram represents
a. the ovum
b. the start ofthe new gametophlte
c.
d.
e.
generâtion
azygofe
a seed
a spofe
43) Of the shuctures labeled with !pl!@, which is (are) diploid?
All are diploid.
Only the structures labeled "B" are diploid.
Only structure "A" is diploid. The other labeled structures are haploid.
All are diploid except letter "8."
None is diploid.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
44) In contrast to the fem life cycle (question #22), the moss life cycle
a.
has a more significant gametophyte
b.
generation
has a more significant sporophle
generation
c. has motile sperm
d. is mostly diploid
e. features a seed
45) The fruitìng structwe of a fungus
a. att¡acts predators away from the essential underground parts.
b. is an important organ for gas exchange with the atmosphere.
c. is an organ ofreproduction.
d. acts as a hallucinogen for mammals.
e. serves as a landing pad for fungal pollinators.
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46) A major role of saprobic fungi in terrestrial ecosystems is to
a. trap atrnospheric CO2.
b. break down carbon compounds.
c. parasitize animals.
d. parasitize plants.
e. form symbiotic mutualist retationships with plants.
47) The many organisms designated as "protists" or "miüobial eukaryotes" are
a. closely related to the bacteria.
b. highly diverse and not necessarily closely related to each other.
c. part ofa monophyletic clade.
d. all unicellular.
e.
all microscopic.
48) ln Pløsnodium, which
causes malaria, the gametocytes
a. develop into merozoites.
b. inhabit the salivary glttds of Anopheles mosquitoes.
c. are the infective stage obtained from the insect vector.
d. are found inside red blood cells.
e. give rise to zygotes vvithin the mammalian circulatory system.
49) The microbial eukaryotes that are responsible for sleeping sickness and those that are responsible for
malaria
a. axe both alveolates.
b. both have insect vectors for transmission to humans.
c. cause the same symptoms.
d. both have gametocfe life stages.
e.
All ofthe above
50) Which ofthe following is a sexual reproductive
process common to organisms in the protista
(microbial eukaryotes) group?
a. Binary fission
b. Multiple fission
c. Budding and spore formation
d. Union ofgametes
e.
Use the draw¡ng to the right for questions # 51, 12, 53, 54
51) In the life cycle at v/hat step(s)
can r e expect meiosis to occur?
â.
b.
c.
d.
at
at
at
at
steps 1,2 and 3 only
step 4 only
step 3 only
steps 1 and 2 only
52) What does the vertical line running down the
middle ofthe picture best represent?
the separation between male a¡d female, with
female on the left and male on the right
b.
d.
the boundary between the vascular and the non-
vascular
the boundary between gametophyte and
sporophyte
the separation ofhaploid and diploid, with the
diploid on the right and haploid on the left
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All ofthe above
53) In order to produce both the 3N nucleus and a zygote, step 4 must involve
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
pollination
doublefertilization
metamoçhosis
54) Which
multiple meiosis
significant mitosis
:'1
i,
ofthe labeled components is haploid?
c.C
b.B
a.A
d.F
e.E
55) When some autotlophic Euglenø æe placed in the darþ they
a. stop producing their photosynthetic pigment.
b. produce an excess ofphotosynthetic pigment.
c. begin feeding on organic material floating in the sunounding water.
d. die.
e. Both a and c
56) A red belly on a male stickleback fish causes other males to attack. This behavior is called:
d. optimal foraging
a. operant conditioning
e. mate selection behavior
b. trial and error leaming
c. a fixed action pattem
57) In the altemation ofgenerations, the
a. haploid generation produces spores.
b. diploid generation produces gametes.
c. haploid and diploid organisms always
resemble each other.
d. diploid organism produces spores.
e. haploid organism produces gametes by
meiosis.
58) Red algae
a. contain the photosynthetic pigment phycoerythrin.
b. do not contain chlorophyll.
c. can change theh pigment concentrations as a function
d. have motile gametes.
e. Both a and c
oflight intensity.
59) Grasses and other flowering plants with parallel-veined leaves are examples
d. magnoliids.
a. monocots.
e. Both b and c
b. gymnosperms.
c. eudicots.
Use the foltowing diagram
for questions #60, 61, 62:
60) The diagram is of a:
a. dicot stem
b. dicot root
c. monocot stem
d. monocot root
e. gymnosperm stem
61) Label 5 points to the:
phloem
a. xylem
d. cortex
c.
e. endodermis
pith
b.
62) Cells that conduct food throughout the plant are
indicated by label:
a.
1and
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e.
5
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ì
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63) A layer of cells that protects the plant is the
a.
cuticle.
endoderm.
d. ground tissue.
e. PericYcle.
b.
c. epidermis.
64) Guard cells
a. protect the plant
from herbivores.
b. secrete a waxy cuticle to prevent evaporation.
c. contain chemicals that poison insects.
d. control gas exchange.
e. inhibit germination offungal spores.
65) A benefit ofsexual reproduction in plants is
a. the greater number ofprogeny that results.
b. ease ofpollination.
c. the improved ability ofplants to adapt to new envìronments.
d. that the haploid plant becomes diploid.
e. farther dispersal ofprogeny.
66) In a flower, the microsporangia are found in the
a.
anther.
ñlament.
d. owle.
e. ovary
b.
c. stigma.
67) 'ühich is the conect order ofevents for female gametophytes?
a. Megagametophyte, megasporocyte, megaspore
b. Megagametophfe, megaspore, megasporocyte
c. Megasporocfe, megaspore, megagametophyte
d. Megaspore, megasporoclte, megagametophyte
e. Megaspore, megagametophlte, megasporoclte
68) A flower that is wind-pollinated would be least likely to
a. have numerous anthers.
b. have sticky or feathery stigmas.
c. produce large numbers ofpollen grains.
d. have a colorful corolla.
e. have smooth wall sculpturing on its pollen.
69) The thee nuclei in a mature pollen grain are formed by
a. one meiotic division and one mitotic division.
b. two meiotic divisions and one mitotic division.
c. one meiotic division and two mitotic divisions.
d. two meiotic divisions and two mitotic divisions.
e. one meiotic division in which one ofthe four cells degenerates.
70) The advantage of self-fertilization in plants is
a. increased genetic recombination.
b. that meiosis can occur.
c. greater efficiency of pollination.
d. that no flowering is needed.
e. that only asexual reproduction is necessary.
7l) What is the fate ofthe seven cells ofthe embryo sac?
a. All but one disintegrates upon fertilization.
b. Two become fertilized; the others disintegrate.
c. Two become fertilized; tlre others ftrse to form endospem.
d. All are involved in nuclear fusion events.
e. They all become part ofthe seed tissue.
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72) Which of the following are distinguishing chaxacteristic of all angiosperms?
d. 4 b, and c are correcl
a. Seeds with nuÍients
e. orly a is correct
b. Double fertilization
production
Pollen
c.
73) After fertilization ofthe egg, the integument ofthe megasporangium develops into the
d. fruit.
a. cotyledons.
e. seed coat
b. embryo.
c. endosperm.
74) The ftuit generally develops from which part ofthe flower?
d. Stamens
a. Petals
e. Pedicel
b. Sepals
c. Ovary
75) Sexual reproduction in angiosperms
a. is by way ofapomixis.
b. requires the presence ofpetals.
c. can be accomplished by grafting.
d. gives rise to genetically diverse offspring.
e. cannot result from self-pollination.
76) The t¡pical angiosperm female gametophyte
a. is called a megaspore.
b. has eight nuclei.
c. has eight cells.
d. is called a pollen graìn.
e. is carried to the male gametophyte by wind or animals.
77) Water tends to move into a cell that has a(n)
a. high turgor pressure due to cell wall rigidity.
b. high, positive water potential.
c. interior solute concentration like that ofdistilled water.
d. more negative water potential than its sunoundings.
e. low turgor pressure.
78) Which plant hormone slows growth
a.
and promotes seed and bud dormancy?
gibberellin
d. ethylene
e. abscissic acid
b. cfokinin
c. auxin
79) The uptake ofions in plant cells is influenced by the
a. electrical gradient.
b. concenfation gradient.
c. ionic balance.
d. pumping ofH*.
e. All ofthe above
80) Cell walls impregnated with \',,ater-repellent suberin are found in the cells ofthe
d. pericycle.
a. root hairs.
e. tracheids
b. cortex.
c. endodermis.
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