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Psychological Therapies Psychotherapy • An interaction between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth. Eclectic Approach • Form of therapy where the therapist combines techniques from different forms of therapy. Kind of like a smorgasbord. Psychoanalysis • Sigmund Freud's therapeutic technique. • Uses free association, hypnosis and dream interpretation to gain insight into the client’s unconscious. Psychoanalytic Methods • Psychotherapists use their techniques to overcome resistance (the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material). •The psychoanalyst’s goal is for you to become aware of the resistance and together interpret it’s underlying meaning to gain self-insight. Transference • In psychoanalysis, the patient transfers to the analyst emotions linked with other relationships. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b02H0dW2xf8 Alternative Therapies • Seasonal Affective Disorder is depression experienced during the winter months. • Based not on temperature, but on amount of sunlight. • Treated with light therapy. Humanistic Therapy • Focuses of people’s potential for selffulfillment (selfactualization). • Focuses on the present and future. • Focuses on conscious thoughts (not unconscious ones). • Take responsibility for you actions. Client (Person) Centered Therapy • Developed by Carl Rogers. • Therapist should use genuineness, acceptance and empathy to show unconditional positive regard towards their clients. • Most widely used Humanistic technique. Active Listening • Central to Roger’s client-centered therapy. • Empathetic listening where the therapist echoes, restates and clarifies the clients thoughts and feelings. Behavior Therapies • The goal of this type of therapy is to apply learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors. •The behaviors are the problems - so we must change the behaviors. Classical Conditioning Techniques Counterconditioning: • A behavioral therapy that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors. Two Types: Exposure Therapies & Aversive Conditioning 1. Exposure Therapies • Systematic desensitization - type of counterconditioning that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing, anxiety-triggering stimuli. (i.e. phobias) How would I use systematic desensitization to reduce my fear of old women? Systematic Desensitization uses… progressive relaxation versus Flooding which… exposes you to an anxiety-provoking situation at the highest level of fear all at once. Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy Scientific American Frontiers – “Virtual Fear” 2. Aversive Conditioning • A type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (nausea) with an unwanted behavior (alcoholism). Example – putting peppers on a nail biters fingernails. Aversive Conditioning Operant Conditioning Token Economy: an operant conditioning procedure that rewards a desired behavior. A patient exchanges a token of some sort (earned for exhibiting the desired behavior) for various privileges or treats. Cognitive Therapy Cognitive Therapy • Cognitive therapists try to teach people new, more constructive ways of thinking. Is .300 a good or bad batting average? Cognitive Therapy Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy • Integrative therapy that combines changing selfdefeating thinking with changing inappropriate behaviors. Cognitive Therapy - Does It Work? Group & Family Therapies (i.e. Alcoholics Anonymous, etc.) Group Therapy • Advantages – help more people in less time; less expensive; and you can discover that others have problems similar to yours. Family Therapy • Views and in individual’s unwanted behaviors as influenced by or directed at other family members. • Attempts to guide the family toward positive relationships. Biomedical Therapies Therapies aimed at changing the brain’s functioning with prescribed drugs, electroconvulsive therapy, or surgery. Psychopharmacology • The study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior. Drugs and Hospitalization Emptying of Mental Hospitals Testing New Drugs • When a new drug is released there is always too much enthusiasm. •Must use a double-blind procedure to combat placebo and experimental effects. Types of drugs include: Antipsychotic Drugs • Medicines used to treat psychosis - typically in schizophrenia and bipolar patients. • Thorazine - although effective often has powerful side effects (blocks the activity of dopamine). • Tardive dyskinesia – neurotoxic effect involving involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs. Antianxiety Drugs • Includes drugs like Valium, Librium and Xanax. • Used to treat people undergoing significant stress or anxiety disorders. • Most widely abused prescription drugs. Antidepressant Drugs • Lift you up out of depression. • Most increase the availability of norepinephrine or serotonin. • Prozac, Paxil & Zoloft are known as SSRI’s (selectiveserotonin-reuptake-inhibitors) and block serotonin reuptake. • Lithium is an effective mood stabilizer used by those with bipolar disorder. Prozac, Paxil & Zoloft Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) • Therapy for major depression in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of a patient causing a mild seizure. • Usually produces temporary memory loss. • But has been very effective of temporarily ridding people of suicidal thoughts. Alternative to ECT • Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). • Application of magnetic energy to the brain. • Doesn’t produce seizures or memory loss. • Still waiting for conclusive data. Psychosurgery • Egas Moniz developed the lobotomy in the 1930’s and it became very popular in the 40’s and 50’s. • Surgery that removes or destroys frontal lobe brain tissue in an effort to change behavior. • Ice pick like instrument through the eye sockets cutting the links between the frontal lobes and the emotional control centers. Lobotomy