Download A Review on Non linearity in optical fiber due to

A Review on Non linearity in optical fiber due to Self-phase modulation
Shafaq Mehmood, Ashiq Hussain
University College Of Engineering And Technology
Islamia University Bahawalpur, Pakistan
[email protected]
Abstract:
Nonlinear effects are just a consequence of
increasing need for high data rates, number
of wavelengths, transmission lengths and
optical power levels. Nonlinear effects can
be minimized using suitable optical fiber
although there are many techniques mention
in this paper which are using now a days.
Highly Accurate Compensation Technique
for 10-GHz Pulse Intensity Fluctuation is
one of the best techniques.
Keywords: Kerr effect, Nonlinear effects,
Nonlinear
photonics,
Optical
telecommunication
Introduction:
Self-phase modulation (SPM) is a nonlinear
optical effect of light-matter interaction. Due
to the optical Kerr effect an ultra-short pulse
of light when travelling in the optical fiber
will induce a changing refractive index of
the medium. Due to this variation in
refractive index will yield a phase shift in
the pulse, leading to a change of the pulse's
frequency spectrum [1]. In long-haul light
wave transmission systems with the
increased demand for capacity, the selection
of a suitable optical modulation format is a
key issue to confirm the optimum system
performance. Self-phase modulation (SPM)
is one of the main nonlinear degradation
effects in optical amplified systems,
specifically when the per-channel data rate
is higher than 10 Gb/s.[2] SPM-induced
phase modulation is proportional to the
Kerr-effect nonlinearity in the fiber and
through accumulated chromatic dispersion
this phase modulation is changed into
intensity modulation. By decreasing the
efficiency of PM/AM conversion dispersion
compensation may decrease the impact of
SPM, but it cannot be remove completely
[3]. If the amplitude of a phase-modulated
optical
signal
is
constant
before
transmission, chromatic dispersion is caused
by fiber amplitude modulation. Due to
which self-phase modulation (SPM) is
induced. In optical heterodyne detection,
SPM cannot be compensated by the delay
equalizer (electrical domain) used to
compensate fiber chromatic dispersion.
However, in the presence of SPM the
transmission distance restriction of multirepeated coherent transmission systems has
not been examined. When a phase/frequency
modulated optical signal at the wavelength
of 1.55 pm is transferred through a
conventional single-mode (SM) fiber,
changes in the phase and frequency are
converted to adjustment of the signals'
amplitude, which then modulates the
refractive index of the fiber. This self-phase
modulation (SPM) lowers the receiver
sensitivity. This mechanism severely
degrades system performance irrespective of
the number of optical amplifiers At high bit
rates exceeding 10 Gb/s.[4]
1
Nonlinearity & SPM due to high data
rate:
For error free detection at high data rate
systems however require larger received
power. As peak powers of input approach 10
mw and data rates beat 10 Gb/s, self-phase
modulation (SPM), which is caused by the
nonlinear dependence of the refractive index
on intensity. At 50 Gb/s data rates the
modulation bandwidth is so large, that even
for an ideal source without phase noise, fiber
dispersion broadens the optical pulses and
limits transmission. The deadly influence of
linear fiber dispersion may be minimized by
operating at the minimum group velocity
dispersion (GVD) wavelength dispersion is
not eliminated completely. As the fiberinput
power
amplified
beyond
approximately 5mW for very high-bit rate
systems, the fiber cannot be assumed to
behave as a linear transmission medium.
The nonlinear Kerr effect also needs to be
included in a more accurate model [5]. It can
be defined by the nonlinear dependence of
the effective fiber refractive index n on
intensity I as
𝑛(𝑤, 𝐼) = 𝑛𝑜(𝑤) + 𝑛2 𝐼-------(1)
Where no(w) is the linear index of
refraction, and n2 is the Kerr coefficient
which is approximately 3.2 X10−16 cm/W
in silica fibers.[6] The propagation constant
β (𝜔, I ) depends on n (𝜔, I ) as
𝜔𝑛(𝜔,𝐼)
𝛽(𝜔, 𝐼) = 𝑐 ------------------(2)
The propagation constant changes in time
when the intensity I ( t ) is modulated. The
“instantaneous” optical frequency dw/dt is
related to the propagation constant’s time
derivative thus new frequency components
are caused due to the intensity variation of
the pulse. The interaction of nonlinear SPM
and linear GVD, depending on the sign of
the dispersion produces different things on
the temporal pulse profile. In the positive
dispersion region (i.e., X < Xo), a pulse
develops a linear frequency chirp, and the
pulse broadens temporally. The pulse
broadening can be compensated by a
negative dispersive delay line, such as a
grating pair [7]. The positive chirp of the
SPM and the negative dispersion cancel in
the negative dispersion wavelength region
(i.e., A>Xo). They can be made to
compensate exactly if the input power is
accurately adjusted to the pulse width and to
the fiber dispersion.
Performance improvement using SPM:
The use of dispersion compensating fibers
(DCF’s) has now appeared as the most
practical technique to compensate for the
chromatic dispersion in the long-haul,
optically
amplified
standard
fiber
transmission systems. [8]
The fiber nonlinearities and dispersion has
become the main problem in extending the
high-speed transmission distance, long haul
standard fiber transmission systems. Among
the many methods reported [9]-[13],to
compensate chromatic dispersion the use of
DCF’s has been emerging as the most
practical technique due to its constancy
over temperature and wide-band dispersion
compensating characteristics. So far, it has
been believed that the SPM in the DCF
degrades the system performance although
the SPM in the standard fiber enhances the
performance by compressing the pulse. For
this reason, the importance of launching a
short power into the DCF in order to reduce
the SPM effect in the DCF and to operate
the DCF in the linear regime [14]-[21]. The
system configuration that we considered is a
120-km standard fiber transmission system
with a DCF at the receiver. The total
2
dispersion of the standard fiber was D ~ M
=F +2131 ps/nm at the 1557 nm
wavelength. The transmitter was a DFBlaser externally modulated by a zero-chirp
LiNb03 modulator with NRZ (non-return to
zero), 223- 1 PRBS data. To conquer
stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) the
DFB-laser was dithered [ 22]. The power
booster was a two-stage EDFA pumped with
two 1480-nm pump lasers. The amplifiers at
the receiver were 980-nm double pumped
dual stage EDFA’s with a noise figure of 4
dB. The receiver/regenerator consisted of a
PIN-HEMT front end and an AGC with a
total bandwidth of 8.5 GHz, clock and data
recovery circuitry and a decision circuit. We
first calculated the signal spectrum at the
transmitter, standard fiber at the output of
the 120 km and after the DCF to show the
spectral broadening by the SPM in the
standard fiber and the subsequent spectral
compression due to the SPM in the DCF.
SPM based reshaping in receiver:
Dispersion tolerance improvement through
self-phase modulation-based all-optical
reshaping in receiver was experimentally
explored using 10-Gb/s return-to-zero
signal. This scheme is quite effective to
return the optical signal deformed due to
chromatic dispersion. [23]
For high bit rate optical communication
systems all optical reshaping is an attractive
technology, where the signal waveform is
easily damaged by unavoidable dispersion
and nonlinearity of the transmission fiber.
Among these schemes, a technique based on
self-phase modulation (SPM) in a nonlinear
medium with optical band pass filtering [24]
is one of the simplest ways to provide such
functionality. Furthermore, this method has
benefits of polarization insensitivity and bitrate
transparency.
However,
the
effectiveness of this method to the signal the
waveform, which is damaged due to
chromatic dispersion, has not yet been
investigated, although the dispersion
tolerance is very tight in such high bit rate
wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM)
transmission systems [25].
Fig.1 experimental setup.[26]
In the transmitter, the light from a
continuous-wave (CW) distributed feedback
laser diode (DFB-LD) oscillating at 1554.5
nm was fed into two LiNbO Mach–Zehnder
modulators connected in cascade for RZformatting and data coding with a 9.953Gb/s, pseudorandom binary sequence. To
simulate the signal degradation due to
dispersion
compensation
error,
the
chromatic dispersion fluctuating from 50 to
200ps/nm was applied to the signal using
several lengths of dispersion compensating
fiber (DCF) at the output of the transmitter.
In the reshaping part, SAOR in a 5-km-long
high-nonlinear
dispersion-shifted
fiber
(HNL-DSF) was used. The zero dispersion
wavelength and dispersion slope of the
HNL-DSF were 1554.5 nm and 0.04 ps/nm2
/km, respectively. With a high-power
erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA), the
input power to the HNL-DSF was boosted to
20~ 24 dBm, which was optimized in order
to obtain the best performance for various
applied dispersion. An optical band pass
filter (OBPF) with a 3-dB bandwidth of 0.28
nm was placed at the output of the HNL-
3
DSF to slice the signal spectrum broadened
due to the SPM effect in the HNL-DSF.
Optical phase conjugation technique:
In optical fiber communications optical
phase conjugation (OPC) is a promising
technique to compensate the nonlinear
damage [27]. Compensation for nonlinearity
by OPC is limited by the asymmetry of the
strength of the Kerr effect along the fiber
with respect to the OPC position [28],[29].
In order to defeat the nonlinearity
impairments to a large extent, the system
parameters of an OPC link, need be
optimized. When proposing a novel design
of OPC link it is necessary to predict the
nonlinearity-compensation efficiency of the
new link. Generally, optimization of an OPC
link or evaluation of nonlinear impairment
depends on numerical simulation, which is
time consuming and shortages physical
insight. Thus, fast approaches for first-order
system design are required. Minzioni et al.
presented two simple techniques to design
OPC systems [30]–[32]. The two methods
are powerful for designing intra channel
cross-phase modulation/four wave mixing
(IXPM/IFWM) compensation systems;
however they have certain restriction for the
design of self-phase-modulation (SPM)limited systems. This is due to the superior
character of SPM, i.e., the SPM-induced
chirp can compress signal pulse combined
with chromatic dispersion [33]. Thus, SPM
can assist signal transmission in some cases.
It was found that, for SPM-limited systems,
net residual dispersion (NRD) can improve
the system presentation significantly[34].An
equivalent principle is suggested, through
which almost all the analytical models of
conventional transmission systems proposed
in the literature can be extended to OPC
systems. This analytical method raises
system performance taking advantage of the
fiber nonlinearity while the method [29]–
[30] is studied to compensate nonlinearities.
This is the main difference between the
optimization methods for SPM-limited
systems and those for IXPM/IFWM-limited
systems. Considering an electric field
transmission along a fiber with attenuation
or gain α(z), group velocity dispersion
(GVD) β2(z), and nonlinear coefficient γ(z) ,
the propagation of the amplitude envelope
A(z, t) follows the nonlinear Schrödinger
equation[31].
𝑖𝛼(𝑧)
𝛽𝑧 (𝑧)𝜕22
[𝑖𝜕𝑧 = 2 − 2 𝑡 + 𝛾(𝑧)𝐴|2 ]A=0---(3)
Taking the complex conjugate of (3) yields
[𝑖𝜕𝑧 +
𝑖𝛼(𝑧)
2
−
(−𝛽𝑧 (𝑧))𝜕𝑡22
2
+(-γ(z))|A*|2]A*=0---(4)
Comparing (3) and (4) shows that the
transmission of along a fiber with α(z),β(z),
and γ(z) is equivalent to the propagation of
its complex conjugate A* (z,t)along a
hypothetic fiber with α(z),-β(z) and - γ(z).
Therefore, in OPC links, the phase
conjugated signal transmitting along the
fiber link after OPC is equivalent to the
original signal propagating along a fiber link
with the same attenuation/gain, negative
GVD and negative nonlinear coefficient, and
then taking the conjugate of the output. In
the following text, that is called “equivalent
principle.” The analytical model to optimize
the dispersion of SPM-limited dispersion
managed systems.
Fig. 2 (a) system setup for general OPC link and (b)
the corresponding dispersion map.[35]
4
Combining this model with the equivalent
principle one can obtain the single-pulse
𝜎
broadening factor 𝜎 for OPC systems, where
𝑜
𝜎and 𝜎𝑜 are the rms widths of the output and
input pulse, respectively.
𝜎
𝜎𝑜
〈𝜏2 〉
1⁄
2
=(𝑏 )
0
--------------------(5)
Where 〈𝜏 2 〉 = 𝑏𝑜 − 𝑎2 𝑁𝑔 ⟩ +
2
𝑎11 (2|𝑁𝑛𝑔2 ⟩ − 0.5𝑁𝑔 ⟩ ) +
3𝑎42 𝑁𝑔3 ⟩ + 𝑐𝑅 + 𝑑𝑅2 -------(6)
R=∫𝑅𝑒𝑠. 𝛽2 (𝑧)⁄𝑇𝑜2 𝑑𝑧 the amount of NRD-----(7)
c=𝑎2 𝑁⟩ + 𝑎41 𝑁⟩|𝑁𝑔2 ⟩ − 4𝑎41 |𝑁𝑛𝑔 ⟩ − 5𝑎42 |𝑁𝑔2 ⟩ (8)
d=𝑏2 + 0.5𝑎42 |𝑁⟩2 + 2𝑎42 𝑁𝑔 ⟩----------------------(9)
𝑖
𝐿𝑜
𝑗
𝑖
2
|𝑁𝑛 𝑔 ⟩ = ∫ 𝑁(𝑧) [∫ 𝑁(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ]
𝑜
0
2
𝑗
× [∫ 𝐺(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ] 𝑖, 𝑗 = 0~3
0
N(z)=𝛾(𝑧)𝑃𝑜
𝑒 −𝛼(𝑧) ,
-------------------------(10)
G(x)=𝛽2 (𝑥)⁄𝑇𝑜2 , Lo is the length
of whole link Po and To are the peak power
and width of input pulse, respectively. bo,b2,
a0, a41 and a42 are coefficients only
depending on the input signal pulse. [27]
Optical Signal Processing by Phase
Modulation:
Optical signal processing based on optical
phase modulation and subsequent optical
filtering, which is appropriate to 160-Gb/s
optical time-division multiplexed (OTDM)
subsystems. When an optical pulse passes
over a nonlinear optical fiber ultrafast phase
modulation of an optical signal is done by
self-phase modulation (SPM) and crossphase modulation (XPM). Such phase
modulation brings the spectral shift of the
signal in optical fiber. Many types of optical
signal processing are realized simply by
filtering out the spectral-shifted component.
Using SPM-based pulse reshaping in a 500m-long silica-based highly nonlinear fiber
(HNLF).[36]
An incoming optical signal is phase
modulated the spectral component frequency
shifted by such phase modulation is filtered
out with a band pass filter (BPF). The phase
modulation in optical signal can be done
through the following procedures: 1) SPM,
which is the phase shift dependent on the
strength of the incoming optical signal itself;
2) XPM, which is the phase shift caused by
the power of another optical signal; and 3)
electro optic modulation (EOM), which is
the phase shift induced by the electrical RF
signal.
In the SPM-based scheme, an RZ data signal
is phase modulated by its own strength
waveform, while the signal transmits
through a nonlinear fiber. The temporal
phase variation induces the instantaneous
frequency shift; the intensity slope point of
the incoming signal is spectrally shifted and
broadening the signal spectrum. If we
remove the spectral-shifted components by
BPF, the intensity slope point of the original
signal is selected. Such SPM-based signal
processing provides us with the pulse
reshaping function [37]–[39]. When the
input signal with a base is incident on the
nonlinear fiber, the pedestal component does
not induce the spectral shift the main pulse
component is frequency shifted. Therefore,
as far as we filter out the broadened
spectrum at off-center wavelengths, we can
remove the pedestal component.
There are some requirements for the
frequency shift
1
𝑓𝑃𝑀 > (1 + 𝑁)∆𝑓𝑖𝑛 -----------------(11)
Where ∆𝑓𝑖𝑛 = 160 𝐺𝐻𝑧 in the 160-Gb/s
system, we require 𝑓𝑃𝑀 > 320𝐺𝐻𝑧 when
N=1. In the case of SPM, we can express the
frequency shift 𝑓𝑃𝑀 induced by the
maximum slope of the temporal phase
variation as
3.45
𝑓𝑃𝑀 = 2𝜋 𝛾𝑃𝑜 𝐿∆𝑓𝑖𝑛 ---------------------(12)
Where Po is peak power L and 𝛾 are the
length and the nonlinear coefficient of the
optical fiber, respectively. Using eq. 11 &
5
12we obtain the requirement for Po , 𝛾 and L
as
4𝜋
𝛾𝐿𝑃𝑜 = 3.45 --------------------------(13)
Where we assume N = 1 since the bit rate of
the processed signal is usually the same as
that of the incoming signal in the SPMbased signal processing.
Dispersion compensation of SPM
impairment in optical channel:
In high power optical channels self-phase
modulation
(SPM)
forces
spectral
broadening distortions. Consequently over
sampling beyond the bitrate is proposed
according to Nyquist theorem. Here received
signal over sampling collected with
maximum likelihood sequence equalizer is
demonstrated, indicating of significant
enhancement of inter-symbol-interference
mitigation due to SPM.[40]
The
maximum
likelihood
sequence
estimation (MLSE) has provide increased
acceptance to chromatic dispersion (CD) in
optical links up to 250 km [41] of Standard
Single Mode Fiber (SSMF). MLSE
performance was studied in the occurrence
of nonlinear effects. [42]-[ 44]. This
standard MLSE method, does not take into
account the spectral broadening of the SPMinduced signal, therefore is created on one
sample per bit. An extended MLSE
approach based on increasing the number of
Samples Per Bit (SPB) according to the
SPM
induced
spectral
broadening.
Consequently, a vectorial MLSE (VMLSE)
is introduced. Considering Nyquist sampling
theorem the increase of the MLSE
performance along with the increase of the
SPB is enabled by passing a wider portion of
the electronic bandwidth of the received
analog signal prior to the sampler. This is
attained by increasing the photodiode's
Bandwidth. A very popular and useful way
of the MLSE implementation is the Viterbi
algorithm [45] that maximizes the
conditional pdf. In the VMLSE, the metric is
simply calculated by the sum of the log
functions of the conditional pdf of all of the
samples of each bit, thus assuming that the
samples (in the bit) conditional pdfs are
independent. The metric is calculated as
follows
(𝑚)
𝐼
𝐷(𝒓, 𝑆 (𝑚) ) = − ∑𝐾
𝑘 ∑𝑖 log[𝑝(𝑟𝑘,𝑖 /𝑆𝑘 )]-------(14)
Where p(r/s) is the conditional pdf, I is the
number of SPB, Rs is the sample rate, Rb is
the bit rate, K is the bit sequence length. S(m)
is the possible transmitted sequence of bits
out of the 2k possible sequences. The rk=
[rk,1 …..rk,I] is the sample vector of the k's bit.
As noted above it is assumed that the
samples in the bit are independent.
Highly Accurate Compensation
Technique for 10-GHz Pulse Intensity
Fluctuation:
Optical non-linear effects are highly affected
by input peak power intensity fluctuation is
a serious matter for the all-optical signal
processing in communication networks. To
compensate for the fluctuation, optical
limiter is used because it can output the
same intensities for input intensities over a
threshold value. Thus far, a lot of optical
limiters that utilize saturation properties of
some transfer functions of nonlinear
phenomena have been proposed. An optical
limiter based on such saturation properties
can reduce the intensity fluctuation, but not
sufficiently. To decrease the residual output
intensity fluctuation, the optical limiter must
be used continually. The optical intensity is
decreased due to the repeated system,
several optical amplifiers are required. In a
large network, the physical broadcast
topology must have a minimum number of
optical amplifiers to reduce cost and power
consumption [47].
6
Fig.4 experimental setup of proposed limiter. VOA variable
optical attenuator, PM power meter, SOA sampling
oscilloscope.[49]
Fig.3 principal of proposed all optical intensity fluctuation
compensation technique (a) schematic of intensity limiter
(b) examples of spectral patterns changed based on SPM
with up chirp effect.[46]
Toward low power consumption, an SPMbased all-optical intensity limiter relying on
a pre-chirping procedure, and tried to reduce
the number of optical amplifier. We found
the intensity of center wavelength
components depends on how the input pulse
is chirped. Moreover, by adding an
appropriate amount of chirp, we successfully
achieved center wavelength intensity
stabilization through a single SPM.[48]. A
schematic of our proposed limiter that relied
on a pre-chirping procedure is shown in
Fig.4. It consists of a single EDFA, a
dispersion compensation fiber (DCF), a
highly nonlinear fiber (HNLF), and an
optical band-pass filter (OBPF).
The incoming signals are amplified by a
single Erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA)
to reach the power required for optimal peak
power equalization. During the transmission
in a DCF, an up-chirp is first added to the
incoming signals, and the total of up-chirp
depends on the length of DCF. Next, in the
HNLF, the signals experience SPM
providing spectral broadening, which
maintains a constant intensity at the center
wavelength components because of the prechirping procedure. The fiber output, the
resulting signals are filtered by means of an
OBPF with the same central wavelength as
the signal. Thus, by introducing the prechirp procedure before SPM, our all optical
limiter can achieve low power consumption
with only a single amplifier, high-speed
operation and a highly accurate limiting
function.
SPM nonlinear spectral broadening and
Analysis of SPM:
In optical fiber communication systems, we
send information from one place to another
in the form of light pulses. The non-linear
7
effect come into picture when requirements
like high data rates, transmission lengths,
number of wavelengths and optical power
level increases. Fiber non-linearity includes
Stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS),
Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS), Four
wave mixing (FWM), self-phase modulation
(SPM) and cross phase modulation (XPM).
An optical field modifies its own phase
under SPM. Though SPM broadens and
reduces the performance of a light wave
system but on a positive note, it increases
optical switching speed. Kerr effect mainly
shows three important non-linear effects;
SPM, XPM and FWM. Out of these three
only FWM can contribute to gain to one
channel at the cost of reducing power from
other channels. Both SPM and XPM
produce a phase shift in the pulse, broaden
the spectrum and increases overall
dispersion.[50]
Self-phase modulation in an optical system
is said to happen when the phase of a beam
is modulated non- linearly by its own
intensity. The portions of beam which carry
high intensity have high refractive index
compared to those having low intensities.
The refractive index of core in an optical
fiber is given by equation (optical Kerr
effect).
n =𝑛0 +𝑛2 ∗
𝑝
𝐴𝑒𝑓𝑓
----------(15)
Where
n0 = linear refractive index of core
n2 = nonlinear refractive index
P = optical power (in Watts)
Aeff = effective area of core
Due to the factor n2, a phase shift is created,
which is in proposition to the intensity of
pulse. Further there in non-uniform
spreading of intensity in spectral
components due to non-uniformity in the
power along the pulse. This phase shift
changes the central frequency of the pulse
and the difference is called frequency chirp.
There is different phase shift in the different
parts of the fiber as phase fluctuations are
intensity dependent. Hence SPM broadens
the optical spectrum non-linearly. As
chirping phenomenon increases with
increase in input power, SPM develops at
high power levels. Furthermore, nowadays
erbium doped fiber amplifier EDFA’s are
employed to counter attack attenuations and
amplify the signal, which increases optical
power level and hence contribute to SPM.
As can be seen from equation (15), the
significance of SPM can be reduced by
increasing the effective fiber core area and
by operating the systems at low power
levels. Here, EDFA noise has not been taken
into consideration for the ease of analysis.
According to optical Kerr effect:
n(I)= 𝑛0 + 𝑛2 (𝐼) ----------(16)
Where
n(I) = intensity dependent change in
refractive index
n0 = linear refractive index
n2(I) = nonlinear refractive index (intensity
dependent)
As refractive index of fiber core is now
power dependent, it affects chromatic
dispersion in the fiber, which changes the
pulse broadening rate throughout the fiber.
Conclusion:
Nonlinear effects in optical fiber are due to
SPM, cross phase modulation, four wave
mixing in optical fiber etc this paper is all
about how SPM plays its part. SPM can be
minimized by selecting suitable cable. At
high data rate SPM can occur which can be
minimized by operating at minimum GVD.
To compensate chromatic dispersion for
long haul DCF can be used. As for high bit
rate data communication signal waveform is
easily damaged by nonlinear effects in such
cases optical reshaping is attractive
technology. Another promising technique to
8
compensate the nonlinearity is OPC. MLSE
has provided increased acceptance to
chromatic dispersion in optical links up to
250 km, as MLSE does not consider the
spectral broadening. Optical limiter is one of
the best methods because it can output the
same intensities for input intensities over a
threshold value.
11
12
13
Reference:
1
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selfphase_modulation
2 S. Zhang and R. Hui Impact of optical
modulation formats on SPM-induced limitation
in dispersion-managed optical systems - A
simplified model.
3 N. Kikuchi and S. Sasaki, J. Lightwave
Technol., Vol. 13, pp. 868, 1995
4 Noboru Takachio, Seiji Norimatsu, Katsushi
Iwashita,
and
Kazushige
Yonenaga
Tsransmission Limitations due to SPM in
optical PSK heterodyne detection systems
employing
chromatic
dispersion
equalization.
5 K. J. Blow and N. J. Doran, “Nonlinear effects
in optical fibers and fiber devices,” Proc. Insr.
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6 MIKLOS
STERN,
MEMBER,
IEEE,
JONATHAN P. HERITAGE, FELLOWI,E EE,
ROBERT N. THURSTON AND SARINA TU
Self-Phase Modulation and Dispersion in High
Data
Rate Fiber-optic Transmission Systems.
7 D. Grischkowsky and A. C. Balant, “Optical
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frequency chirping,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 41,
pp. 1- 3, 1982.
8 R. J. Nuyts, Y. K. Park, Senior Member,
IEEE, and P. Gallion, Senior Member, IEEE
Performance Improvement of 10 Gb/s standard
Fiber Transmission System by Using the SPM
Effect in the Dispersion Compensating Fiber.
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26 Fig.1 experimental setup. Noboru Yoshikane,
Itsuro Morita, and Noboru Edagawa,
Member, IEEE Improvement of Dispersion
Tolerance
by
SPM-Based
All-Optical
Reshaping in Receiver.
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35 Fig. 2 (a) system setup for general OPC link
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Xiaosheng Xiao, Changxi Yang, and Ping
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Fig.3 principal of proposed all optical intensity
fluctuation compensation technique (a)
schematic of intensity limiter (b) examples of
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48
49
50
spectral patterns changed based on SPM with
up chirp effect. . Kentaro kawanishi, Florence
drouet, kazuyoshi ioth, member,IEEE, and
tsyoshi konishi, member, IEEE
S. Singh, “Performance comparison of optical
network topologies in the presence of optimized
semiconductor optical amplifiers,” J. Opt.
Commun. Netw., vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 313–323,
Sep. 2009.
Kentaro
Kawanishi,
Florence
Drouet,
Kazuyoshi Itoh, Member, IEEE, and Tsuyoshi
Konishi, Member, IEEE
Fig.4 experimental setup of proposed limiter.
VOA variable optical attenuator, PM power
meter, SOA sampling oscilloscope. Kentaro
kawanishi, Florence drouet, kazuyoshi ioth,
member,IEEE, and tsyoshi konishi, member,
IEEE
Monica Bhutani, Abhishek Gagneja Optical
Transmission System Simulation for Analysis
of Self Phase Modulation Non Linearity.
11