Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Propaganda in Nazi Germany wikipedia , lookup
Nazi views on Catholicism wikipedia , lookup
Nazi Germany wikipedia , lookup
New Order (Nazism) wikipedia , lookup
Foreign relations of the Axis powers wikipedia , lookup
Economy of Nazi Germany wikipedia , lookup
Name__________________________________ Hour_____________ World War II Learning Targets 1. Describe what happened, where and why, for the 1937 ‘Rape of Nanjing.’ 2. Describe the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact and why it was signed. 3. Define ‘appeasement’ and give an example of how it happened prior to WW II. 4. Define ‘isolationism’ and provide an example of it prior to WW II. 5. Explain how the roles of appeasement and isolationism helped lead to the outbreak of WW II. 6. Can I locate both the Allied and Axis powers on a map? 7. Describe the two principal ‘theaters of conflict’ in WW II. 8. Describe the following major turning points in WW II: Germany’s Blitzkrieg Battle of Britain Battle of Stalingrad Battle of El Alamein Pearl Harbor Battle of Midway Battle of Guadalcanal D-Day (Invasion of Normandy) Battle of the Bulge Hiroshima/ Nagasaki 9. Describe at least two key strategic decisions made by world leaders during WW II. 10. Explain the significance of at least two major war conferences at the end of the war, and how they changed the political geography of Europe. 11. Describe the Nazi policy of pursuing racial purity by explaining ‘who’, ‘why’, and ‘how’, for at least three different groups they targeted. 12. Explain how the Nazi policy of racial purity turned into Hitler’s ‘Final Solution’. 13. Describe how the Holocaust began, what happened, to whom, when, and why. 14. Describe the human costs of WW II, with special attention to civilian and military losses in the following countries: Russia, Germany, Britain, United States, China, Japan. mwh10a-IDR-O416_P1 12/15/2003 1:31 PM Page 69 Name Date CHAPTER 16 GUIDED READING Hitler’s Lightning War Section 1 A. Following Chronological Order As you read about war in Europe and North Africa, answer the questions about the time line. 1. What did each leader gain from the secret agreement? 1939 2. What strategy did Hitler use to conquer Poland? Aug. Hitler and Stalin sign a nonaggression pact. Sept. Hitler invades Poland. 3. What was Hitler’s plan for conquering France? 1940 4. What happened at Dunkirk? April Hitler invades Denmark and Norway. June France surrenders. Sept. German Luftwaffe begins bombing British cities. © McDougal Littell Inc. All rights reserved. 5. What was the outcome of the Battle of Britain? Italy moves to seize Egypt and Suez Canal. 1941 Feb. June 6. What was the outcome of the fighting at Tobruk? Hitler sends Rommel to help Italian troops seize Egypt and the Suez Canal. Hitler invades the Soviet Union. 7. How did Hitler’s invasion compare with Napoleon’s invasion of Russia? B. Clarifying On the back of this paper, identify each of the following: Winston Churchill Charles de Gaulle Atlantic Charter World War II 69 mwh10a-IDR-O416_P8 12/15/2003 1:31 PM Page 76 Name Date GEOGRAPHY APPLICATION: MOVEMENT CHAPTER The Fall of Singapore 16 Directions: Read the paragraphs below and study the maps carefully. Then answer the questions that follow. Section 2 I n February 1942, the Japanese army inflicted the most embarrassing defeat suffered by the British Empire during the Second World War. The British lost Singapore, a tiny island at the southern tip of Malaya, a peninsula in Southeast Asia. Singapore was an extremely important location during the war. The British used it as a base to protect India to the west and Australia to the south. In addition, Singapore lay along the prime shipping route from Europe to China. The British thought Singapore impossible for the Japanese to capture. First, to the north across the Johore Strait the intense heat and dense jungle of Malaya provided a barrier to invasion. Second, the south end of the island faced the Strait of Malacca. There the British placed batteries of huge fifteen-inch cannons that could blast any enemy ships. However, the defenses contained one major defect. The British had not bothered to fortify the northern end of the island. They had assumed that even if the Japanese attempted to come down the peninsula, it would take them at least a year. Nevertheless, the Japanese decided to invade Singapore in this way. The Japanese, concealed by the dense jungle, were not spotted by British aircraft. By the time the British became aware of the Japanese, it was too late to mount an effective defense of the island. The British, who were prepared for an assault by sea, were not able to turn their guns around to the north in time to halt the Japanese advance. It took the Japanese 68 days to storm Malaya, cross the Johore Strait, and take Singapore. The British surrendered Singapore on February 15, 1942. Adding to the humiliation of the defeat was the fact that British forces actually outnumbered the invading Japanese army. In the end, 130,000 British troops surrendered to 50,000 Japanese soldiers. Invasion of Singapore MALAYA MALA Jo yy yy h or e St SINGAPORE Japanese Landings Dec. 8, 1941 M South China Sea AL Singapore City AY A Strait of Malacca Singapore 76 Unit 4, Chapter 16 Railroad British military bases Japanese attack route © McDougal Littell Inc. All rights reserved. r ai t mwh10a-IDR-O416_P9 12/15/2003 1:31 PM Page 77 Name The Fall of Singapore continued Interpreting Text and Visuals 1. Where is the island of Singapore located? __________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 2. Why do you think the British did not expect the Japanese to attack Singapore by land? ______ ____________________________________________________________________________ 3. In how many places did the Japanese land troops on December 8, 1941? ________________ 4. On which part of Singapore did most of the Japanese army invade? ______________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 5. How many British military bases were located on Singapore? __________________________ On which part of the island were most of them located? ______________________________ 6. Why do you think the Japanese were able to capture Singapore even though the British had a great advantage in number of soldiers? ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ © McDougal Littell Inc. All rights reserved. ____________________________________________________________________________ 7. What do you think made Singapore an important military target for the Japanese? ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ World War II 77 The Holocaust: 1933-1939 Once firmly in power, Hitler's plans for the ending of the struggle between the Aryan race and the "inferior races" was set to work. These races were feared as a biological threat to the "master race" purity. Hitler gained further support for his ideas via the Nazi Propaganda Ministry, headed by Dr. Joseph Goebbels, which filled the popular media with pro-Nazi material. Anything opposing the Nazi Party was censored and removed from the media. All forms of communication, newspapers, magazines, books, public meetings, rallies, art, music, movies, and radio, was controlled by the Nazis. Book-burnings of books that didn't gel with the "Nazi ideals" were frequent, some due to the their authors being Jewish, such as Albert Einstein and Sigmund Freud, but many of them by nonJews such as Ernest Hemingway, Jack London, Sinclair Lewis, and Helen Keller (a particularly offensive person to the Nazis since she successfully overcame her handicaps). The Jewish population of Germany hovered around 600,000 in total, less than 1 percent of the entire German population. Nonetheless, Nazi propaganda identified them as a "race" (incorrect) and an inferior one at that, the source of all the economic depression and defeat in World War I- failing to mention that many of the more than 100,000 Jews who had served in the war were highly decorated soldiers. The Jews of Germany still had some prejudices held against them but they were becoming more and more accepted. Interfaith marriages were on the rise and many Jews were prominent citizens: fourteen of the 38 Nobel Prizes awarded to Germans went to Jews. This was about to change, and for the worse. Laws were instituted against Jews forcing them out of public life, i.e. civil service jobs, law court and university positions, etc. Jewish business were boycotted as of 1935, the first organized boycott was on April 1, 1933. Jews were forced to label all exterior clothing with a yellow Star of David with the word Juden, (Jew). The "Nuremberg Laws" proclaimed Jews secondclass citizens. Furthermore one's Jewishness, according to the Nuremberg Laws, was dependent on that of a person's grandparents, not that person's beliefs or identity. More laws passed between 1937 and 1939 were increasingly strict: Jews were more and more segregated and life was made much harder. Jews could not go to public schools, theaters, cinemas, or resorts, and furthermore, they were banned from living, or sometimes even walking, in certain parts of Germany. The Jewish population was less persecuted during the Summer Olympics of Berlin in 1936, however, no German Jewish athletes were allowed to compete. The period between 1937 and 1939 also saw the economic hardship for Jews increase. Actions against Jewish businesses and properties escalated from boycotts and seizures to destruction of stores and synagogues. In November 1938, the Kristallnacht took place, in which Jewish buildings were destroyed, and Jewish men were arrested and murdered. The riot (or pogrom) came be to known as the "night of broken glass," thus the name Kristallnacht. Over 1000 synagogues were burned, 7,000 Jewish business were wrecked. It had all been very carefully planned by Dr. Goebbels and other Nazi officials. Thirty thousand more male Jews were arrested the next morning for the "crime" of their religious beliefs. Some female Jews were arrested and sent to local jails. More restrictions were placed on the Jewish people, making it particularly tough for children, who were essentially housebound. Jews were not the only target of Nazi persecution despite their status as the main "problem." Nazi hatred extended to include groups deemed racially or genetically "inferior," which was advocated by scientists who promoted "selective breeding," or eugenics for the "improvement" of the human race. Laws were passed between 1933 and 1935 to reduce the number of genetically "inferior" individuals in the gene pool through involuntary sterilization programs. The result: 500 African-German children and 320,000 to 350,000 people judged to be handicapped either physically or mentally were sterilized surgically or subjected to sterilizing radiation. The program drew support from people claiming that the handicapped population was a burden due to their care costs. Many Blacks and Gypsies were also sterilized and prevented from intermarrying with Germans. The Nazi tradition of mixing old prejudices in showed again when laws were passed decreeing Gypsies (30,000 of which resided in Germany) as "criminal and asocial" as a race in general. Other victims of Nazi persecution included political opponents of Hitler and trade unionists as well as other "enemies of the state." Between 5,000 and 15,000 homosexuals were placed in concentration camps. Due to the newly revised 1935 Nazi criminal code, simply being called a homosexual could result in arrest, trial, and conviction. The 20,000 Jehovah's Witnesses in Germany were banned in April 1933 because their religion prohibited them from swearing any oath to the state or providing service in the state military. The literature of the Jehovah's Witnesses was confiscated. They lost their jobs along with their unemployment benefits, social welfare benefits, and pensions. Many of them were put in concentration camps and prisons; their children went to juvenile detention centers and orphanages. In this time, approximately half the Jewish population of Germany fled along with more than two-thirds of the Austrian Jewry, the latter fleeing between 1938 and 1939. Emigration took them to Palestine (mainly), but also the United States, Latin America, Shanghai (where no visa was required for entry, a great convenience), along with eastern and western Europe, (a poor choice, since the Nazis would soon catch many of them again as they conquered Europe). The Jews who remained in Nazi Germany were either unwilling to leave or unable to obtain visas. Some could not get sponsors in host countries, or were simply too poor to be able to afford the trip. Many foreign countries made it even harder to get out due to strict emigration policies designed to thwart large amounts of refugees from entering, particularly in the wake of the Depression. The United States, Britain, Canada, and France were among these. Thirty-eight countries met at Evian, France to discuss the treatment of the Jews in Germany, but no real help was offered, to the delight of the German government, which was amused that while the world criticized their treatment of Jews, nobody was offering the Jews a place to go to when the opportunity was there. Directions: The year is 1938 and you are a German citizen living in Berlin. You have just heard that Jewish synagogues and businesses have been vandalized and destroyed all across the country. After hearing reports of the destruction, you are so moved that you feel it necessary to write an editorial for your newspaper, The Berlin Post, the most widely read newspaper in Germany. In one paragraph describe how you, a German newspaper editor, feel about events of Kristallnacht. However, you understand that the newspapers in Germany were not free to write whatever they wanted. With that in mind, use the back of this sheet, class notes, and your textbook to write an editorial that could get published and not result in your imprisonment. THE BERLIN POST Friday, November 11, 1938 What I think of the Versailles Treaty— ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ Directions: The year is 1938 and you are an American citizen living in Kansas City. You have just heard that Jewish synagogues and businesses have been vandalized and destroyed all across Germany. After hearing reports of the destruction, you are so moved that you feel it necessary to write an editorial for your newspaper, The Kansas City Star, the most widely read newspaper in the region. In one paragraph describe how you, an American citizen from the midwest, feel about events of Kristallnacht. Use the back of this sheet, class notes, and your textbook to write an editorial that could get published and not result in your imprisonment. The Kansas City Star Friday, November 11, 1938 What I think of Kristallnacht— ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ Timeline of the Holocaust During WWII mwh10a-IDR-O416_P13 12/15/2003 1:32 PM Page 81 Name CHAPTER 16 Section 4 © McDougal Littell Inc. All rights reserved. A Date PRIMARY SOURCE from Hiroshima by John Hersey On August 6, 1945, the United States dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan. Journalist John Hersey wrote an account of six Japanese survivors whose lives were forever changed by the blast. As you read part of this account, consider what each of the survivors was doing when the bomb exploded. t exactly fifteen minutes past eight in the morning, on August 6, 1945, Japanese time, at the moment when the atomic bomb flashed above Hiroshima, Miss Toshiko Sasaki, a clerk in the personnel department of the East Asia Tin Works, had just sat down at her place in the plant office and was turning her head to speak to the girl at the next desk. At that same moment, Dr. Masakazu Fujii was settling down cross-legged to read the Osaka Asahi on the porch of his private hospital, overhanging one of the seven deltaic rivers which divide Hiroshima; Mrs. Hatsuyo Nakamura, a tailor’s widow, stood by the window of her kitchen, watching a neighbor tearing down his house because it lay in the path of an air-raid-defense fire lane; Father Wilhelm Kleinsorge, a German priest of the Society of Jesus, reclined in his underwear on a cot on the top floor of his order’s three-story mission house, reading a Jesuit magazine, Stimmen der Zeit; Dr. Terufumi Sasaki, a young member of the surgical staff of the city’s large, modern Red Cross Hospital, walked along one of the hospital corridors with a blood specimen for a Wassermann test in his hand; and the Reverend Mr. Kiyoshi Tanimoto, pastor of the Hiroshima Methodist Church, paused at the door of a rich man’s house in Koi, the city’s western suburb, and prepared to unload a handcart full of things he had evacuated from town in fear of the massive B-29 raid which everyone expected Hiroshima to suffer. A hundred thousand people were killed by the atomic bomb, and these six were among the survivors. They still wonder why they lived when so many others died. Each of them counts many small items of chance or volition [will]—a step taken in time, a decision to go indoors, catching one streetcar instead of the next—that spared him. And now each knows that in the act of survival he lived a dozen lives and saw more death than he ever thought he would see. At the time, none of them knew anything. . . . Then a tremendous flash of light cut across the sky. Mr. Tanimoto has a distinct recollection that it travelled from east to west, from the city toward the hills. It seemed a sheet of sun. Both he and Mr. Matsuo reacted in terror—and both had time to react (for they were 3,500 yards, or two miles, from the center of the explosion). Mr. Matsuo dashed up the front steps into the house and dived among the bedrolls and buried himself there. Mr. Tanimoto took four or five steps and threw himself between two big rocks in the garden. He bellied up very hard against one of them. As his face was against the stone, he did not see what happened. He felt a sudden pressure, and then splinters and pieces of board and fragments of tile fell on him. He heard no roar. from John Hersey, Hiroshima (New York: Bantam, 1946), 1–7. Research Option Forming and Supporting Opinions Use on-line or print resources to research the debate in 1945 among scientists and American government officials over whether the United States should use the atomic bomb on Japan. Then, with your classmates, hold a mock debate in which you argue for or against using the bomb. Excerpt from Hiroshima by John Hersey. Originally appeared in The New Yorker. Copyright 1946 and renewed 1974 by John Hersey. Used by permission of the Estate of John Hersey. World War II 81 mwh10a-IDR-O416_P5 12/15/2003 1:31 PM Page 73 Name Date CHAPTER 16 GUIDED READING Europe and Japan in Ruins Section 5 A. Summarizing As you read this section, fill out the chart by writing notes to describe conditions in postwar Europe and Japan. Postwar Europe: 1. Note three ways war affected the land and people of Europe. 2. Note three political problems postwar governments faced. 3. Note one way the Allies dealt with the Holocaust. Postwar Japan: © McDougal Littell Inc. All rights reserved. 4. Note two effects of Allied bombing raids on Japan. 5. Note three ways U.S. occupation changed Japan. 6. Note three provisions in Japan’s new constitution. B. Clarifying On the back of this paper, explain the objectives of the Nuremberg Trials and the demilitarization of Japan. World War II 73 Reasons for The Problem Use pages 512-513 to complete the organizer The Atomic Bomb The Decision Results Reasons against New Conflicts Develop The Aftermath of WWII Use pages 514-517 in your text to complete the organizer. United Nations Alliances Break Up