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MedicalImaging Modalities Methods inMedicalImageAnalysis- Spring2016 18-791(CMUECE):42-735(CMUBME):BioE 2630(Pitt) Dr.JohnGaleotti The content of thes e s lides by John G aleotti, © 2012-2016 Carnegie Mellon U nivers ity (CMU ), was made pos s ible in part by N IH N LM contract# HHSN 276201000580P, and is licens ed under aCreative Commons Attribution 3.0 U nported Licens e.To viewacopy of this licens e, vis ithttp:/ / creativecommo ns .o rg/ licens es / by/ 3.0/ or s end aletter to Creative Commons , 171 2nd Street, Suite 300, San Francis co, California, 94105, U SA. Permis s ions beyond the s copeof this licens emay be available either from CMU or byemailing itk@ galeotti.net. The mos t recent vers ion of thes e s lides may be acces s ed online via http://itk.galeotti. ne t/ AnatomicalAxes §Superior =head §Inferior=feet §Anterior=front §Posterior=back §Proximal=central §Distal=peripheral 2 1 ImagingModalities §Camera:Microscope, Endoscope, etc. §X-Ray §CT §NuclearMedicine §Ultrasound §MRI §… 3 1896: TheX-Ray 4 2 X-Ray&FluoroscopicImages §ProjectionofX-Ray silhouetteontoa detector §Measuresdensities §3Dmapsto2D §Detectorsoftenusean interveningfluorescent screentoconvertXraystovisiblelight §Fat,muscle, bone, contrastagent,metal X-RaySource Patient Bone Detector 5 ComputerizedTomography Mikael Häggström’s CT of the human brain with intravenous contrast 6 3 ComputerizedTomography X-RaySource Spins around patient Patient Bone Detector §Spin X-Raysource/detectoraroundthepatient §Fromaseriesofprojections, atomographicimage isreconstructedusing FilteredBackProjection. 7 NuclearMedicine §Previously discussed imagingmodalities image anatomy(structure). §Nuclearmedicine imagesphysiology (function) § Atthecellular(andsubcellular)level § Technicallyatypeofmolecularimaging § Requiresuseofradioactivepharmaceuticals 8 4 SPECT Array of Gamma Detectors Array of Lead Collimators Spins around patient Patient Radioactive Target § SinglePhoton EmissionComputedTomography § Gammacameraforcreatingimageofradioactivetarget § Cameraisrotatedaround patient 9 Positron Emission Tomography (PET) National Institute of Health’s National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering 60 Seconds of Science: How Does a PET Scan Work? CC By License; Music by Longzijun 10 5 PositronEmissionTomography Detectors - Patient + When emitted positrons collide with electrons, their annihilation sends 2 high-energy photons off in opposite directions § Positron-emittingorganiccompoundscreatepairsofhighenergy photonsthataredetectedsynchronously. § Nocollimators,greatersensitivity. § Attenuationisnotlocationdependent,soquantificationis 11 possible. MRI National Institute of Health’s National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering 60 Seconds of Science: How Does an MRI Work? CC By License; Music by Longzijun 12 6 MRI Kieran Maher’s examples of T1 weighted, T2 weighted, and PD weighted MRI 13 PhasedArrayUltrasound §Imagesanatomy §Ultrasoundbeamformedandsteeredby controllingthedelaybetweentheelementsofthe transducerarray 14 7 RealTime3DUltrasound 15 OtherImagingModalities §MRI&fMRIdetails(savedforanotherlecture) §OCT(“opticalultrasound”) §Pathology(inadditiontoRadiology) §Othermodalities comingdownthepike 16 8 CurrentTrendsinImaging §3D,4D,… §Higherspeed §Greaterresolution §Measurefunction aswellasstructure §Combining modalities (including directvision) 17 TheGoldStandard §Dissection: § MedicalSchool,Day1: MeettheCadaver. § FromVesaliustothe VisibleHuman 18 9