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Sky Motions Diurnal Motion Annual Motion DIURNAL MOTION Daily East / West motion of the sky Due to the Earth’s rotation (15°/hour) [360°/24 hours = 15°/hour] [1° in 4 minutes] Stars fall into two groups Circumpolar - never rise or set Equatorial Circumpolar Stars Equatorial Stars View from the North Pole View from the Equator Coordinate System Celestial Meridian Circle going through north and south points on the horizon and the zenith Z Celestial Meridian Objects on the Meridian are at their highest point in the sky (transit) Astronomical noon is when Sun is on the Meridian. Does not mean the Sun is directly overhead. Midnight is when the Sun is on the Meridian below the horizon. Zenith This is a measure of how high above the horizon the star or planet is located. A star on the horizon has an altitude of 0o while a star directly overhead (this point is called the z http://astro.unl.edu/naap/motion2/s tarpaths.html enith) has an altitude of 90 o. What is the altitude of a star that is exactly halfway between the horizon and the zenith? Polaris and Altitude Polaris “north star” 1 degee from NCP Altitude of polaris is always equal to the latitude of the observer. Equator 0º altitude = 0º North pole 90º altitude= 90º aka Grosse pointe 42º altitude = 42º Zenith South pole Can you see polaris? Nope! Annual Motion ANNUAL MOTIONEarth’s revolution Constellations the year. move westward during Due to Earth’s orbital motion around the Sun Sun appears to moves eastward 1°/day Path of the Sun called the ECLIPTIC Ecliptic inclined 23.5° to Equator Horizon calendar Horizon Calendar Sunrises The Sky andDome Sunsets Polaris On the day of an summer solstice… W On the day of an winter solstice… S On the day of an equinox… E N Polaris W S Winter Solstice Vernal or Autumnal Equinox Summer Solstice N E Starting Points for the Sun Sunrise in Athens Stonehenge Earth’s Annual Motion Leo NCP Celestial Sphere Autumnal Equinox 23.5° Ecliptic Vernal Equinox SCP Celestial Equator Sun’s Motion Tool Inclined Pole causes Seasons Northern Hemisphere Summer N S Northern Hemisphere Winter 23.5° Sun’s motion along the Ecliptic Sun’s Motion “Stars” Fixed Stars Modern concept of stars Form the Constellations Planets - traveling or wandering stars Sun, Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn Meteors - “shooting stars” Comets - “long-haired stars”