Download ECA Biology Review 1 1. Which three elements are often found in

ECA Biology Review
1
1. Which three elements are often found in organic compounds?
a. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
b. Carbon, hydrogen, neon
c. Nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen
d. Nitrogen, chlorine, phosphorus
B.1.1
2. Amino acids are monomers (building blocks) of:
a. Disaccharides
b. Proteins
c. Nucleotides
d. Steroids
B.1.1
3. Which of the following would best describe the molecule found in
the illustration below?
a. Carbohydrate
b. Protein
c. Lipid
d. Nucleic acid
B.1.1
4. Which organic molecule is most closely related to nucleic acids?
a. Amino acids
b. CH2 chains
c. Nucleotides
d. Sugars
B.1.1
5. Which of the following would best describe the molecule found in
the illustration below?
a. Carbohydrate
b. Protein
c. Lipid
d. Nucleic acid
B.1.1
ECA Biology Review
6. You are given four test tubes containing purified biological macromolecules. The test tubes are unlabeled
except for a number between 1 and 4. You are told that one test tube contains a protein, one contains a lipid,
one contains a carbohydrate and another contains a nucleic acid. You perform some tests on the
macromolecules and collect the following information:
a. Test tubes #2 and #4 contain nitrogen, but the other tubes do not.
b. The contents of tube #3 are not soluble in water, but the contents of the other test tubes are soluble
in water.
c. The contests of test tube #1 can be broken down into subunits that are all exactly identical to one
another.
d. The macromolecule in test tube #2 is found to have a globular shape.
What are the identities of the macromolecules present in the four test tubes? Write your answer in the space
below?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
2
ECA Biology Review
3
1. Which group of organic compounds includes enzymes?
a. Proteins
b. Starches
c. Carbohydrates
d. Lipids
B.1.2
2. The shape of protein is determined by:
a. its cell location
b. the type and order of its amino acids
c. its size
d. none of the above
B.1.2
3. Enzymes influence chemical reactions in living systems by:
a. Providing the substrate required for the reaction to occur
b. Lower the energy of activation of a reaction
c. Absorbing water released when polymers are formed
d. Combining with excess hydrogen to form gaseous waste
B.1.2
4. The “lock and key hypothesis” attempts to explain
a. the formation of vacuoles
b. endocytosis and exocytosis
c. covalent sharing of electrons
d. how enzymes are specific to a substrate
B.1.2
5. The effect of temperature on the relative rate of action of an enzyme
is represented in the graph below.
B.1.2
The optimum temperature for the action of this enzyme is approximately
a. 15° C
b. 22° C
c. 37° C
d. 50° C
ECA Biology Review
6. When a concentration of solutes outside the cell is equal to the concentration of
solutes inside the cell, the cell solution is ________ relative to its environment.
a. Hypertonic
b. Hypotonic
c. Isotonic
d. Catatonic
4
B.1.3
7. Explain why it’s dangerous for humans to drink salty ocean water. Write your answer
B.1.3
in the space below and try to include the terms hypertonic solution and osmosis.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
ECA Biology Review
5
1. What is the function of enzymes?
a. They provide energy for chemical reactions.
b. They decrease the amount of activation energy needed to begin a chemical reaction.
c. They transport food in the blood to all cells.
d. They are chemically destroyed as they break apart molecules.
B.5.4
2. All enzymes are composed of:
a. Lipid molecules
b. Sugar molecules
c. Protein molecules
d. Fatty acids
B.5.4
3. The shape of a protein is determined by the sequence of:
a. Fats
b. Sugars
c. Amino acids
d. Monosaccharides
B.5.4
4. The “lock and key hypothesis” attempts to explain the mechanism of:
a. vacuole formation
b. pinocytosis
c. sharing of electrons
d. enzyme specificity
B.5.4
5. An organism’s phenotype:
a. Is its genetic composition
b. Includes its physical appearance and behaviors
c. Occurs only in purebred organisms
d. Cannot be seen
B.5.5
6. Proteins are necessary for which of the following functions?
a. Muscle structure
b. Immune system functions
c. Transporting molecules across a cell membrane
d. All of the above
B.5.5
7. Briefly explain the following statement, “Proteins are responsible for the observable traits of an
organism.” ____________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
ECA Biology Review
1. At the beginning of cell division, a chromosome consists of two:
a. centromeres
b. centrioles
c. chromatids
d. spindles
2. The period between cell divisions is called:
a. Interphase
b. Prophase
c. G3 phase
d. Cytokinesis
3. If a cell has 12 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will EACH of its daughter cells have after mitosis
and cytokinesis?
a. 4
b. 6
c. 12
d. 24
4. Which of the following is NOT an advantage of asexual reproduction?
a. simple and efficient
b. produces large numbers of offspring quickly
c. requires one parent
d. increases genetic diversity
5. A scientist performs an experiment to determine the effect of temperature on the length of the cell cycle in
onion cells. His data are summarized in the table below.
Temperature (C)
10
15
20
25
Length of cell cycle (hours)
54.6
29.8
18.8
13.3
On the basis of the data in the table, how long would you expect the cell cycle to be at 5C
a. Less than 13.3 hours
b. More than 54.6 hours
c. Between 29.8 and 54.6 hours
d. About 20 hours
6
ECA Biology Review
6. Explain why all body cells in a specific human being have the same DNA, but the cells do not all have the
same shapes and functions.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
7
ECA Biology Review
1. The smallest units of life in all living things
a. Cells
b. Mitochondria
c. Cytoplasm
d. Golgi apparatus
2. One difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is that
a. Nucleic acids are found only in prokaryotes
b. Mitochondria are found in larger quantities in eukaryotes
c. Golgi vesicles are found only in prokaryotes
d. Prokaryotes have no nuclear membrane
3. Only eukaryotic cells have
a. DNA
b. Membrane-bound organelles
c. Ribosomes
d. Cytoplasm
4. Studying a picture of a cell with an electron microscope, you find that the cell has no nucleus and no
mitochondria, but it does have a cell membrane and a cell wall. You conclude that the cell is probably from
a(n):
a. Animal
b. Plant
c. Prokaryote
d. Now extinct organisms
5. The structure that regulates what enters and leaves the cell is called:
a. The nucleus
b. The cell wall
c. The nuclear membrane
d. The cell membrane
6. In which of the following organelles is a cell’s ATP produced?
a. Mitochondrion
b. Endoplasmic reticulum
c. Golgi apparatus
d. Lysosome
8
ECA Biology Review
7. Is the cell below a prokaryote or a eukaryote? ______________________________________________
8. How can you tell? Use the features labeled A, B, C and D to describe the cell.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
9
ECA Biology Review
1. Intravenous saline injections are often given as a treatment for severe dehydration. The concentration of
saline (0.9% NaCl) in these injections is that same as that present in human cells. What would happen if
pure water was introduced into the body instead of saline?
a. The cells would gain water and swell.
b. The cells would lose water and shrivel.
c. The cells would become impermeable to sodium (Na+) ions.
d. The cells would become impermeable to chlorine (Cl-) ions.
2. Which organelle produces proteins?
a. nucleus
b. lysosome
c. ribosome
d. golgi body
3. Predict whether you would expect muscle cells or fat cells to contain more mitochondria and explain why?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
4. The work performed in cells is carried out by proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids. Choose three
of these molecules and describe one function that each of them carries out within the cell.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
BIOLOGY DOK Level 1 Example Item
5. Glucose is a building block of carbohydrates. Which of these best describes glucose?
a. Nucleotide
b. Protein
c. Monosaccharide
d. Lipid
10
ECA Biology Review
11
1. The difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells involves the presences of
a. A nucleus
b. DNA
c. Ribosomes
d. Cell membrane
B.2.1
2. A structure within a cell that performs a specific function is called a(n)
a. Organ tissue
b. Organelle
c. Tissue
d. Biocenter
B.2.1
3. An important organelle that helps maintain homeostasis by moving supplies from
one part of the cell to another is the
a. Endoplasmic reticulum
b. Mitochondria
c. Golgi apparatus
d. Cytoplasm
B.2.1
4. The Golgi apparatus is an organelle that
a. Receives proteins and lipids from the endoplasmic reticulum
b. Labels molecules with tags that specify their destination
c. Releases molecules in vesicles
d. All of the above
B.2.1
5. The structure that regulates what enters and leaves the cell is called
a. The nucleus
b. The cell wall
c. The nuclear membrane
d. The cell membrane
6. Cell membranes consist mainly of
a. Protein pumps
b. Carbohydrates
c. Lipid bilayers
d. Proteins
7. The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane is known as
a. Exocytosis
b. Osmosis
c. Active transport
d. Endocytosis
B.2.1/B.2.2
B.2.1/B.2.2
B.2.2
ECA Biology Review
8. Organisms in the genus Paramecium are unicellular protists. They have organelles
in their cells, like all other animals, including nuclei, mitochondria, ribosomes, etc.
In addition, they have star-shaped organelles, called contractile vacuoles that collect
excess water from the inside the Paramecium and expel it periodically to the outside
of the organism. The picture below depicts a Paramecium.
12
B.2.1/B.2.2
The data table below contains the rate at which the contractile vacuole pumps water out of the Paramecium
in different concentrations of salt water.
Salt concentration
Very High
High
Medium
Low
Very Low
Rate of contractions/minute
2
8
15
22
30
a. Looking at the data chart, how does a higher concentration affect the rate of contractions/minute by the
contractile vacuole in a Paramecium?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
b. Explain why the Paramecium has to pump out more water out when in less salty water.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
ECA Biology Review
13
1. Ribosomes are found
a. Only in the nucleus
b. In the cytoplasm
c. Attached to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
d. Only in eukaryotic cells
e. Both b and c
B.2.4
2. Which of the processes below occurs at the ribosome?
a. Translation
b. Subscription
c. Transcription
d. Stimulation
B.2.4
3. ___________ are the sites of protein synthesis.
a. Mitochondria
b. Golgi apparatus
c. Lysosomes
d. Ribosomes
B.2.4
4. Structures like cilia and flagella are involved in what important function?
a. Lipid formation
b. Endocytosis
c. Movement
d. Removing old organelles
B.2.5
5. Cilia and flagella are composed of what macromolecule?
a. Carbohydrates
b. Proteins
c. Lipids
d. Nucleic Acids
B.2.5
ECA Biology Review
14
Stem Cell Study Reveals Complexity of Glue Molecule’s Role in Cancer
ScienceDaily (July 14, 2011)- A protein molecules that ‘glues’ cells together and has a key role in cancer is also
responsible for many other important functions of cells, a new study has found.
Scientists say their unexpected findings are important because they could lead to a better understanding of why
some cancer cells are difficult to eradicate in patients and lead to new cancer treatments.
The research looked at the role of the cell-adhesion protein molecule E-cadherin in embryonic stem cells. The
protein, E-cadherin, is ‘glue’ that keeps cells together in the body—without it we would not develop beyond a
bundle of cells a few days after conception, said Dr. Chris Ward, who led the study in the University’s School of
Dentistry.
“E—cadherin is also important during cancer progression from benign to malignant states, with loss of this
molecule leading to increased movement of the cells which can lead to more tumors within the body.”
“While E-cadherin has been studied intensively there has been no research that has identified all of the genes
that E-cadherin regulates.” As well as the expected findings associated with changes in cell adhesion, we found
that E-cadherin regulates genes associated with cell replication, cell death, metabolism of fats and sugars and
translating of messages received by cells from outside.
Since loss of E-cadherin is implicated in higher death rates in cancer patients and more aggressive tumors, the
group has suggested that this molecule may have a much more important role to play in preventing tumors.
6. E-cadherin is an important protein because
a. having more of it will decrease the movement of cells in the body
b. having less of it will reduce the number of tumors in the body
c. it keeps our cells together during embryonic development
d. it metabolizes fats and sugars in additional proteins for us
B.2.5
7. Which of the following terms from the reading is most closely associated with keeping
cells together?
a. Eradicate
b. Adhesion
c. Movement
d. Replication
B.2.5
ECA Biology Review
15
1. The process whereby plants capture energy of light and make complex
molecules is known as
a. Homeostasis
b. Evolution
c. Photosynthesis
d. Development
B.2.3
2. In the plant cell below, the chloroplast is letter ____ and the mitochondria is
letter ______.
B.2.3
3. Which of the following cell types would likely have more mitochondria than the others?
a. Nerve cells
b. Muscle cells
c. Skin cells
d. Blood cells
B.2.3
4. Chloroplasts are found in both autotrophic and heterotrophic cells.
a. True
b. False
B.2.3
5. Identify the equations below as photosynthesis or cell respiration:
B.2.3
a. 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy/Energy in -> C6H12O6 + 6CO2
b. C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 +6H2O + Energy/Energy out
ECA Biology Review
16
6. Mitochondria are often called powerhouses because
a. They convert light into food
b. They convert amino acids into proteins
c. They convert food into energy
d. All of the above
B.2.3
7. Most ATP in eukaryotic cells is produced in the
a. Chloroplasts
b. Mitochondria
c. Golgi apparatus
d. Endoplasmic reticulum
8. The relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration is usually described
as a cycle. Briefly explain how these two processes are connected in terms of their
products and reactants.
B.2.3
B.2.3
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
ECA Biology Review
1. Cells exchange materials with their surroundings through both active and passive transport. Which of the
following is a passive process that cells use to pass oxygen and carbon dioxide across the cell membrane?
a. Diffusion
b. Endocytosis
c. Respiration
d. Osmosis
2. The cells of plants and some protists contain organelles called chloroplasts. What is the function of the
chloroplast?
a. To provide support to the cell
b. To control the production of proteins in the cell
c. To carry the genetic code from one generation to the next
d. To capture the energy of sunlight and convert it into chemical energy
3. Which organelles are likely to be more common in white blood cells that digest bacteria and viruses than in
other cells?
a. Lysosomes
b. Golgi apparatus
c. Endoplasmic reticulum
d. Ribosomes
4. What are the raw materials used in photosynthesis?
a. Sugar and water
b. Sugar and oxygen
c. Carbon dioxide and water
d. Carbon dioxide and oxygen
5. Mitochondria make it possible for eukaryotic cells to carry out many energy-requiring processes by
producing
a. ADP
b. Ethyl alcohol
c. Pyruvic acid
d. ATP
6. Which type of organelle is found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
a. Nucleolus
b. Mitochondrion
c. Ribosome
d. Chloroplast
17
ECA Biology Review
7. Contrast passive and active transport (Give a minimum of 2 differences in your answer):
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
8. Choose any 2 of the following structures and describe their functions: ribosomes, cell membrane, vacuole,
golgi, flagella.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
18
ECA Biology Review
19
1. The process by which plants capture energy and make complex molecules is called
a. Homeostasis
b. Evolution
c. Photosynthesis
d. Development
B.3.1
2. Photosynthesis uses sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into
a. Oxygen and carbon
b. High-energy sugars and proteins
c. ATP and oxygen
d. Oxygen and high-energy sugars
B.3.1
3. Label the following equation for photosynthesis with the words in #1 above:
B.3.1
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 +
__________ ________
___________
6O2
________
4. Write the compounds (CO2, H2O, C6H12O6 and O2) from #2 above into the correct position
in the picture below.
5. Where do the light-dependent reactions take place?
a. in the stroma of the chloroplast
b. within the mitochondria membranes
c. within the thylakoid membranes
d. in the outer membrane of the chloroplasts
B.3.1
ECA Biology Review
20
6. Organisms, such as plants, that make their own food are called
a. Autotrophs
b. Heterotrophs
c. Thylakoids
d. Pigments
B.3.1
7. What are the three parts of an ATP molecule?
a. Adenine, thylakoid and a phosphate group
b. Stroma, grana and chlorophyll
c. Adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups
d. NADH, NADPH, and FADH2
B.3.1
8. What happens during photosynthesis?
a. Heterotrophs consume ATP
b. Heterotrophs produce ATP
c. Autotrophs consume carbohydrates
d. Autotrophs produce carbohydrates
B.3.1
9. Most plants appear green because chlorophyll
a. Absorbs green light
b. Absorbs violet light
c. Reflects green light
d. Reflects violet light
B.3.1
ECA Biology Review
21
1. The process of cellular respiration
a. Is performed only by organisms that are incapable of photosynthesis.
b. Breaks down food molecules to release stored energy.
c. Occurs before plants are able to carry out photosynthesis.
d. Occurs only in animals.
B.3.2
2. When cells break down food molecules, energy
a. is released all at once.
b. is released entirely as body eat into the environment.
c. is temporarily stored in ATP molecules.
d. is created.
B.3.2
3. ATP
a.
b.
c.
d.
B.3.2
contains five phosphate groups
is essential for a cell to perform the tasks necessary for life.
is found only in bacteria.
all of the above.
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O +36 ATP
4. The equation above summarizes the process known as
a. Photosynthesis
b. Fermentation
c. Protein breakdown
d. Cell respiration
B.3.2
5. The processes that break down nutrients and build up compounds an organism needs to
survive are collectively called:
a. Metabolism
b. Respiration
c. Cell cycle
d. Natural selection
B.3.3
6. Which of the following macromolecules help speed up or slow down metabolism?
a. Carbohydrates
b. Proteins
c. Lipids
d. Nucleic acids
B.3.3
7. Metabolism includes which of the following processes
a. Production and/or breaking down of macromolecules
b. Photosynthesis in plants
c. Transport of materials into and out of the cell
d. All of the above
B.3.3
ECA Biology Review
8. The affect of temperature (x axis) on the relative rate of enzyme action (y axis) is represented
in the graph below.
22
B.3.3
The optimum temperature for the action of this enzyme is approximately
a. 15
b. 22
c. 37
d. 50
9. Which statement best describes the enzyme represented in the graphs below?
a.
b.
c.
d.
This enzyme works best at a temperature of 50 C and a pH of 12.
This enzyme works best at a temperature of 35 C and a pH of 8.
Temperature and pH have no influence on the activity of this enzyme.
This enzyme works best at a temperature above 50 C and a pH above 12.
B.3.3
ECA Biology Review
1. How is energy released from a molecule of ATP?
a. by breaking the bond between the second and third phosphate groups
b. by breaking the bond between the second and the third carbon of the sugar group
c. by breaking the bond between adenine and the sugar group
d. by breaking the bond between the sugar group and the phosphate groups
2. The diagram shows the movement of materials through a cell membrane when energy is required. What
is this process called?
a. Osmosis
b. Diffusion
c. Active transport
d. Passive transport
3. During cellular respiration, cells break down sugars in order to produce
a. Ammonia.
b. ATP.
c. Glucose.
d. Oxygen.
4. With rare exceptions, which of the following characteristics do plants share?
a. Unicellular
b. Flowering
c. Prokaryotic
d. Autotrophic
23
ECA Biology Review
Conflicting Viewpoints
Conflicting Viewpoints: One passage will give you
two paragraphs to read. The paragraphs will deal
with some controversial scientific situations. The
scientists who wrote the paragraphs disagree with
each other. Evaluate the arguments of each, identify
the points of disagreement, and recognize the
evidence that each scientist cites in favor of his
viewpoint. You will not be asked to decide who is
right.
Scientist 1
Bacteria present a growing problem to the medical
community because some strains have recently been
shown to have resistance to antibiotics. Once a
strain of bacteria develops resistance to a particular
antibiotic, that drug can no longer be used to treat
infections caused by that type of bacterium. This
resistance is already happening. The cause of this is
irresponsible prescribing of antibiotics and their
misuse. Also to blame is the plethora of
antibacterial products found in the market. The
continual exposure of bacteria to such substances is
facilitating their ability to develop widespread
resistance. Strategies need to be employed to
prevent this misuse of antibacterial agents. Doctors
need to be better-educated on how to understand the
importance of taking medications as prescribed and
taking the full course of antibiotic. It is ridiculous to
think that we will ever rid ourselves of bacteria.
Resistance of bacteria to commonly used antibiotics
is of growing concern. The medical community
needs to take immediate action.
Scientist 2
Bacteria are the most ancient organisms and have
been around for billions of years. They cause a
number of illnesses in humans. They divide by a
process called binary fission in which one cell
divides into two cells. This can occur approximately
every 20 minutes under the right conditions.
Bacteria also have the ability to exchange genetic
material and hence are constantly changing.
Antibiotics interfere with the process of cell
division and are used to kill bacteria. Some bacteria,
however, have acquired the ability to resist the
damaging effects of antibiotics. Pharmaceutical
companies are certainly capable of producing new
and better agents from which bacteria will be
unable to escape. In past years, pharmaceutical
companies received feedback from the medical
community that the antibiotics available were
adequate. As a result, these companies have not
been pro-actively developing new and better drugs.
This needs to be a priority. We will always beat
bacteria if we continue drug development.
1. The two scientists agree that
a. Bacteria causes illness in people
b. Antibiotics have detrimental effects
on people
c. There will always be an effective
drug to treat all bacterial infections
d. Bacterial resistance is the fault of
the medical community
2. Which of the following statements would
greatly support the argument of Scientist 1?
a. A drug is developed that is able to
kill bacteria that are presently
resistant to all drugs available.
b. Pharmaceutical companies are
investing huge sums of money into
drug resistance research.
c. Many doctors still prescribe
antibiotics for viruses, which
cannot be treated by antibiotics.
d. Antibacterial soaps and the like do
not facilitate bacterial resistance.
24
ECA Biology Review
25
1. The purpose of mitosis is to ensure that
a. Each new cell is genetically different from its parent
b. Each new cell receives the proper number of chromosomes
c. Gametes are available for reproduction
d. DNA is replicated without errors
B.6.1
2. The first phase of mitosis is called
a. Interphase
b. Anaphase
c. Telophase
d. Prophase
B.6.1
3. The diploid number of chromosomes is equal to
a. A full set of chromosomes within a cell
b. Half of a full set of chromosomes within a cell
c. Double the number of chromosomes within a cell
d. None of the above
B.6.1
4. When the division of a body cell is complete each new daughter cell should have
a. Twice the number of chromosomes as the parent
b. The same number of chromosomes as the parent cell
c. Half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell
d. The haploid number of chromosomes
B.6.1
5. The correct order of the stages of mitosis is
a. Anaphase, metaphase, telophase, prophase
b. Prophase, anaphase, metaphase, telophase
c. Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
d. Prophase, anaphase, telophase, metaphase
B.6.1
6. During the cell cycle, the cell spends the most time in _______.
a. Prophase
b. Anaphase
c. Telophase
d. Interphase
7. DNA replication occurs during
a. Interphase
b. Prophase
c. Metaphase
d. Telophase
ECA Biology Review
26
8. If a cell that has 8 chromosomes goes through mitosis, how many chromosomes will each
new cell have?
a. 4
b. 8
c. 16
d. 32
B.6.1
9. Name each phase in the diagram below:
B.6.1
ECA Biology Review
Green pot
Red pot
Blue pot
Yellow pot
Day planted
May 1
May 1
May 2
May 4
Total Growth by May 10
3 cm
4 cm
2 cm
4 cm
1. Mr. Reid’s students planted lima beans during a four-day span. Each plant was given the same amount of
water and sunlight. The students measured the growth of the plants each day and collected the data for ten
days. Which plant demonstrated the highest daily growth, given the plant’s age during the observation
period?
a. Green pot
b. Red pot
c. Blue pot
d. Yellow pot
2. What is the function of a mitochondrion?
a. To produce ATP molecules by capturing the energy in sunlight
b. To control the expression of genes and proteins
c. To synthesize amino acids for transport to other cells
d. To complete the breakdown of sugar and produce ATP molecules
3. A human body cell has 46 chromosomes. How many chromosomes will each of its daughter cells have?
a. 23(46 ÷ 2)
b. 46
c. 92 (46 × 2)
d. 184 ( 46 × 4)
4. Which activity most directly involves the process represented in the diagram above?
a. A gamete reproducing sexually
b. A white blood cell engulfing bacteria
c. A zygote being produced in an ovary
d. An animal repairing damaged tissue
5. During
a.
b.
c.
d.
prophase in mitotic cell division,
the chromosomes replicate.
duplicated chromosomes become visible and a spindle forms.
the centromeres line up across the center of the cell.
the chromosomes move along spindle fibers to opposite ends of the cell.
27
ECA Biology Review
6. What is the third phase of mitosis, and what happens during that phase?
a. Metaphase: chromosomes line up and connect to spindle fibers
b. Telophase: chromosomes gather at ends of the cell and new nuclear envelopes form
c. Anaphase: sister chromatids separate and move apart
d. Prophase: chromosomes become visible and nuclear envelope breaks down
7. Describe what happens during interphase as a cell is preparing to go through cell division:
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
28
ECA Biology Review
1. What happens during meiosis?
a. Chromosome pairs separate to form new sex cells, increasing genetic variation.
b. Each sex cell copies itself to form four new sex cells, maintaining the same level of genetic
variation.
c. Each sex cell loses half of its chromosomes, decreasing genetic variation.
d. Chromosome pairs remain together when new sex cells are formed, maintaining the same level of
genetic variation.
2. Crossing over during meiosis results in the
a. Addition of genes to a chromosome
b. Deletion of genes to a chromosome
c. Creation of four haploid daughter cells
d. Exchange of alleles between homologous chromosomes
3. Which of the following statements about meiosis is true?
a. Every tissue in the body has some cells that undergo meiosis.
b. Meiosis always takes place after a cell undergoes mitosis.
c. Meiosis produces four diploid (2N) cells from a single haploid (1N) cell.
d. Meiosis takes place in reproductive tissue and produces gametes.
4. What are the two factors that increase genetic variation in a population?
a. Crossing-over and mitosis
b. Crossing-over and meiosis
c. Budding and mitosis
d. Budding and meiosis
5. From what have all of the cells found in any single organism developed?
a. A haploid sperm cell
b. The fusion of two diploid gametes
c. A diploid zygote
d. The division of a single sex cell
29
ECA Biology Review
6. Contrast the process of human mitosis with the process of human meiosis. Write about at least 3 ways that
they are different. (HINT: Think about what each process produces, what kinds of cells each take place in,
what happens during each process to the chromosomes, etc.)
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
30
ECA Biology Review
31
1. When cells become specialized in structure and function it is called
a. Regulation
b. Expression
c. Differentiation
d. Development
B.6.2
2. An expressed gene
a. Functions as a promoter
b. Is transcribed into mRNA
c. Codes for just one amino acid
d. Is translated into mRNA
B.6.2
3. Cells must control gene expression so that
a. Their genes will only be expressed when needed
b. Their genes will always be expressed
c. Their genes will never be expressed
d. Genetic disorders can be corrected
B.6.2
4. Each cell in a eukaryotic organism performs specific tasks in order to maintain
a. Genetic equilibrium
b. Immunity
c. Logistic growth
d. Homeostasis
B.6.2
5. The cells of multicellular organisms are organized into ___, then into ____, and finally
into ____.
a. Organs, tissues and organ systems
b. Tissues, organs and organ systems
c. Organ systems, organs and tissues
d. Organs, organ systems and tissues
B.6.3
6. After a female gamete (egg) is fertilized it is called a(n)
a. Tetrad
b. Allele
c. Genotype
d. Zygote
B.6.3
7. A zygote will divide to become an embryo. Cells within the embryo that have not yet
specialized and have the potential to become just any cell in the body are called ____.
a. Basal cells
b. Stem cells
c. Epithelial cells
d. Nerve cells
B.6.3
ECA Biology Review
32
8. In eukaryotes, cell division begins in a zygote and occurs in two main stages. The first
stage is the division of the nucleus called ______. The second stage is the division of
the cytoplasm called ______.
a. Mitosis, cytokinesis
b. Meiosis, fragmentation
c. Growth, isolation
d. Division, fission
B.6.3
9. If a cell’s diploid number (2N) is 36, how many chromosomes will the cell have after cell
division through mitosis?
a. 72
b. 36
c. 18
d. 9
B.6.3
ECA Biology Review
33
1. Gametes are produced by the process of
a. Mitosis
b. Meiosis
c. Crossing over
d. Replication
B.6.4
2. Unlike mitosis, meiosis results in the formation of
a. Diploid cells
b. Haploid cells
c. 2N daughter cells
d. Body cells
B.6.4
3. During which phase of meiosis is the chromosome
number reduced? (see illustration to the right)
a. Anaphase I
b. Metaphase I
c. Telophase I
d. Telophase II
B.6.5
4. Crossing over occurs during which phase
a. Interphase
b. Prophase I
c. Anaphase II
d. Metaphase II
B.6.5
5. Explain why meiosis is an important step for organisms to retain the same number of
B.6.5
chromosomes from one generation to the next.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
6. Which of the following does not lead to greater diversity?
a. Asexual reproduction
b. Crossing over
c. Sexual reproduction
d. Independent assortment
B.6.5
7. What principle states that the alleles for a trait separate during gamete formation?
a. Principle of dominance
b. Principle of independent assortment
c. Principle of probabilities
d. Principle of segregation
B.6.5
ECA Biology Review
34
RrYy
RrYy
RY
Ry
rY
ry
RY
RRYY
RRYy
RrYY
RrYy
Ry
RRYy
RRyy
RrYy
Rryy
Seed Shape
R-round
r-wrinkled
rY
RrYY
RrYy
rrYY
rrYy
Seed color
Y-yellow
y-Green
ry
RrYy
Rryy
rrYy
rryy
8. The punnett square in the figure above shows that the gene for pea shape and the gene
for pea color
a. Assort independently
b. Are linked
c. Have the same alleles
d. Are always homozygous
B.6.5
9. Sometimes genes are located very close to one another on the same chromosome and
are often inherited together. For example, those with red hair tend to have a light
complexion. These genes are said to be
a. Diploid
b. Recessive
c. Linked
d. Inherited
B.6.5
ECA Biology Review
1. A cross between a homozygous red flower and a homozygous white flower will result in which of the
following if it is incomplete dominance:
a. All red flowers
b. All white flowers
c. All red and white speckled flowers
d. All pink flowers
2. Inheriting traits controlled by two or more genes is called
a. Codominance
b. Polygenic inheritance
c. Incomplete dominance
d. Recessive inheritance
3. What must be true for a sex-linked genetic disorder to occur in a female?
a. Both parents must have the disorder.
b. She must have two copies of the recessive allele, one on each X chromosome.
c. Only the mother must have the disorder.
d. The recessive allele must be present in both X’s of the mother and in the one X of the father.
4. A cell makes a copy of its DNA before it divides. In a section of DNA that codes for a protein, an error in
copying is made and an extra base is inserted. What would be the effect of such a mutation on a cell?
a. A single amino acid substitution would be made during protein synthesis.
b. It would be unnoticed because multiple codons code for the same amino acid.
c. A frameshift would occur, leading to the coding for the wrong amino acids from the insertion on.
d. It would be unnoticed because the cell would immediately fix the error.
5. Red-green colorblindness in humans is a sex-linked recessive trait. A colorblind female would have what
genotype?
a. XcXc
b. XCXc
c. XCY
d. XCXC
6. Draw a punnett square and explain in words why there is approximately a 50% chance that a child will be a
boy and a 50% chance that a child will be a girl.
Punnett Square:
Explanation in words: ____________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
35
ECA Biology Review
1. The physical characteristics of an organism are called its
a. Genetics
b. Heredity
c. Phenotype
d. Genotype
36
B.7.1
2. Different forms of a gene are called
a. Alleles
b. Hybrids
c. Dominant factors
d. Recessive factors
B.7.1/B.7.3
3. In sheep, the allele for white wool (A) is dominant over the allele for black
wool (a). What is the chance of getting a black sheep from a parent that has
has white wool (Aa) and another with black wool (aa)?
B.7.3
Fill in the Punnett Square and solve:
Answer: ____________
4. If a woman is a carrier of an X-linked recessive allele (a) for a disorder and
her mate does not have it (A), what is the chance their boys will have the disorder?
B.7.2/B.7.3
Fill in the Punnett Square and solve:
Answer: ____________
XA Xa
XA
Y
5. If a man has an X-linked recessive disorder (a) and his made does not carry the
allele (A) for it, what is the chance their girls will be carriers?
Fill in the Punnett Square and solve:
Answer: ____________
B.7.2/B.7.3
ECA Biology Review
37
1. What stores information in a cell?
a. Proteins
b. Carbohydrates
c. Lipids
d. DNA
B.5.1
2. In eukaryotes, DNA is
a. Located in the nucleus
b. Floats freely in the cytoplasm
c. Located in the ribosomes
d. Is circular
B.5.1
3. In the figure, X is pointing to
a. A hydrogen bond
b. An RNA molecule
c. A protein
d. A nucleotide
B.5.1
4. Which of the following is not part of a nucleotide?
a. A 5-carbon sugar
b. An amino acid
c. A nitrogen base
d. A phosphate base
B.5.1
5. According to Chargaff’s rule of base pairing, which of the following is true about DNA?
a. A = T, C = G
b. A = C, T = G
c. A = G, T = C
d. A = T = C = G
B.5.1
6. The table shows the percentages of bases in a DNA sample. How much thymine should you
expect to find in the sample?
a. 22%
BASE
A
C
G
b. 24%
22
28
%
of
Total
DNA
c. 28%
d. 44%
B.5.1
T
-
ECA Biology Review
7. Label the diagram correctly using these words:
DNA
gene
38
chromosome
nucleus
8. One strand of DNA could be as long as a football field if it were stretched out lengthwise.
One of the factors allowing DNA to fit inside the nucleus of a cell is its ability to:
a. Break apart into separate genes
b. Extend to form very, long thin molecules
c. Coil tightly around associated proteins
d. Denature from the effects of an enzyme
a cell
B.5.1
ECA Biology Review
39
1. The passing of traits from parents to offspring is called
a. Genetics
b. Development
c. Maturation
d. Heredity
B.5.2
2. A segment of DNA that codes for a particular trait is called
a. Chromosome
b. Gene
c. Hybrid
d. RNA
B.5.2
3. Changes in the DNA sequence that affect genetic information are known as
a. Replications
b. Mutations
c. Transformations
d. Translations
B.5.2
4. Which of the following molecules carry protein-assembly instruction from the nucleus
to the cytoplasm?
a. mRNA
b. rRNA
c. tRNA
d. all of the above
B.5.3
5. What is the process called when information stored in a gene’s DNA is transferred to an
RNA molecule?
a. Transcription
b. Transformation
c. Translation
d. Molecular biology
B.5.3
6. The process of making proteins on the ribosome based on instructions from messenger
RNA is called
a. Transcription
b. Transformation
c. Translation
d. Molecular biology
B.5.3
7. Which of the following correctly indicates the flow of information also called “the central
dogma” of biology?
→
DNA
→
Protein
a. RNA
b. Protein
→
RNA
→
DNA
c. DNA
→
Protein
→
RNA
d. DNA
→
RNA
→
Protein
B.5.3
ECA Biology Review
8. Order the following steps of protein synthesis 1 through 6:
40
B.5.3
___ Amino acids are linked until a STOP codon is read on the mRNA
___ mRNA is transcribed in the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm
___ The amino acid chain, or polypeptide, is released from the ribosome
___ The ribosome continues to join amino acids in the forming chain and releases the rRNA to pick up more
amino acids
___ Translation beings at the START codon (AUG), which is complementary to an anti-codon carried by a
tRNA and its amino acid
___ mRNA travels through the cytoplasm to the ribosome
ECA Biology Review
1. Which molecule is used to power cellular activities?
a. RNA
b. Carbon dioxide
c. Oxygen
d. ATP
2. Which of the following statements about cells that make up different specialized tissues in an adult
multicellular organism is TRUE?
a. Specialize cells have lost genes they do not use
b. Different cell types have identical genes, but only some genes are expressed
c. Different cell types have different genes
d. Different cell types have identical genes, but mutations produce the differences
Use the information below to answer questions #3
I.
TT
II.
Tt
III.
Tt
IV.
tT
3. Which of the following combinations of alleles will result in an organism that has the trait of the dominant
allele?
a. I only
b. I and II only
c. II and IV only
d. I, II, and IV only
4. In a certain species of plant, white flowers (r) are recessive and red flowers (R) are dominant. If a
homozygous white-flowered plant is crossed with a heterozygous red-flowered plant and produce four
offspring, how many of the offspring are most likely to have red flowers?
(DRAW A PUNNETT SQUARE to help you with this one!!)
a. 1
PUNNETT SQUARE:
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
5. For a particular gene, a gamete or sex call can only carry ____ allele(s).
a. 2
b. 4
c. 1
d. 3
41
ECA Biology Review
6. Two extremely tall parents are talented basketball players. The mom is 6’2” and the dad is 7’1”. They have
a daughter who is 8 years old. The coach for the junior high basketball team has already talked to the parents
and wants their daughter to play on the team when she is old enough. He is expecting that she will be tall
and will play center. Using what you have learned so far in genetics, explain why the coach may be wrong
to expect the daughter to be tall like her parents? USE COMPLETE SENTENCES
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
42
ECA Biology Review
43
1. The function of mRNA is to
a. Provide a site for protein synthesis
b. Transport amino acids to the ribosome
c. Transcribe DNA
d. Translate DNA
B.5.3
2. In order for protein synthesis to occur, mRNA must travel to the
a. Ribosomes
b. Mitochondria
c. Nucleus
d. Cell membrane
B.5.3
3. Transfer RNA, or tRNA,
a. Carries an amino acid to its correct codon
b. Makes amino acids as needed
c. Produces codons to match the anti-codons
d. Converts DNA into mRNA
B.5.3
4. Each nucleotide triplet in mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid is called a
a. Mutagen
b. Codon
c. Anti-codon
d. Exon
B.5.3
5. Transcription is the process by which genetic information encoded in DNA is transferred to a(n)
a. RNA molecule
b. DNA molecule
c. Uracil molecule
d. Transposon
B.5.3
6. During translation in eukaryotes, anti-codons
a. Never bind to the mRNA codons
b. Assist in the assembly of fats
c. Ensure that each amino acid is delivered to its proper place on the mRNA
B.5.3
7. Identify the mRNA sequence that would be produced as a result of transcribing the following
DNA sequence … ACC AAG TCT
a. TGG TTC AGA
b. GUU GGT CGA
c. UGG UUC AGA
d. CGG UUC AGA
B.5.3
ECA Biology Review
44
Use the chart below to identify the resulting amino acid sequence.
8. Given the following DNA sequence, determine the mRNA sequence and the resulting
amino acids.
B.5.3
DNA
ACC
GTG
ATA
AGG
ATC
mRNA
____
____
____
____
____
Amino Acid
____
____
____
____
____
ECA Biology Review
1. A mutation that is neutral
a. Causes a genetic disorder
b. Causes cancer
c. Produces beneficial changes in the organism it affects
d. Has little or no effect on gene expression or protein function
2. Deletion or insertion of nucleotides results in this type of mutation
a. Substitution
b. Frameshift mutation
c. Inversion
d. One base is switched with another base
3. A mutation in a cell’s DNA causes the production of an abnormal protein. Analysis shows the defective
protein differs from the normal protein in only one of its amino acids. What kind of mutation most likely
occurred?
a. Substitution
b. Frameshift mutation
c. Chromosomal mutation
d. Inversion
4. The process of making proteins on ribosomes according to instructions in messenger RNA is called
a. Replication
b. Translation
c. Transcription
d. Recombination
5. During protein synthesis, specific amino acids are brought to the ribosome by specific
a. Transfer RNA molecules
b. Messenger RNA molecules
c. Ribosomal RNA molecules
d. DNA molecules
6. In eukaryotes, DNA is found in the
a. Mitochondria
b. Golgi apparatus
c. Nucleus
d. Chloroplasts
45
ECA Biology Review
7. Crossing over, mutations, and sexual reproduction are all factors that contribute to genetic variation or
genetic diversity. Choose any 2 of these 3 factors and explain how they increase genetic diversity.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
46
ECA Biology Review
1. The primary function of ribosomes is to
a. Produce DNA from RNA
b. Produce RNA from proteins
c. Produce proteins using instructions from the nucleus
d. Produce RNA from DNA and proteins
2. Genes contain instructions for assembling proteins from amino acids. Three types of RNA are involved in
this process: mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA. What is the role of the tRNA?
a. To carry copies of the genetic instructions
b. To transfer amino acids to the ribosomes
c. To bind to DNA and unwind the DNA strands
d. To make more RNA
3. The process in which part of the DNA nucleotide sequence is copied into a complementary sequence of
RNA is
a. Translation
b. Replication
c. Reproduction
d. Transcription
4. A molecule of DNA does NOT
a. Include lipids
b. Contain nucleotides
c. Store genetic information
d. Duplicate itself
5. If the DNA sequence is ATGGCAT, what will the complementary mRNA sequene be?
a. ATGGCAT
b. AUGGCAU
c. UACCGUA
d. TACCGTA
6. Now, you are going to explain a concept you learned in a previous chapter using the information in this
chapter. You must use the words: gene expression, transcription, and translation in your answer. Why
do all a person’s body cells have the same DNA, but the cells do not all have the same functions and
shapes?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
47
ECA Biology Review
1.
In your own words, define natural selection. (BTW who came up with this theory?
2. In your own words, define evolution.
3. Why don’t individuals evolve? We always say a “Species” will evolve but not the individual---Explain.
4. How can scientists use DNA to make comparisons between different species in order to explain how
natural selection and DNA mutations have been the driving force behind evolution?
5.
A
B
C
D
E
Which layer of rock is the oldest?
_________
Which fossil probably is the youngest?
_________
At what point in time did this particular
area switch from aquatic to terrestrial
(land)?_____________
6. Illustrate the endosymbiont theory below using prokaryotes and chloroplasts.
7. The inner membrane of mitochondria is folded. What advantage does this present for the
effectiveness of this organelle?
48
ECA Biology Review
8. What are the similarities and differences between a prokaryote and a eukaryote?
9. List the six kingdoms of life below
The number represents the differences
in DNA markers on the protein in
different species.
So……..
What difference do humans have with
carp?_______
Who has least difference with
rattlesnake? ________
How many differences do we have with
Chimpanzees? ___________
10.
49
ECA Biology Review
What term do we use to describe these structures?
What is significant about them as far as evolution is
concerned?
11.
Look at all the different varieties of “Honeycreeper”
species of birds. They live on the islands of Hawaii.
How did we get so many variations of species?
Why is the survival of the Honeycreeper depending
heavily on the fact that we have different variations?
12. Use your chapter to define the following:
Genetic Drift
Adaptive Radiation
Convergent Evolution
Divergent Evolution
50
ECA Biology Review
Explain the energy pyramid above. Include each level in your explanation and the differences in the organisms.
What % is lost from one level to another?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Multiple Choice Questions:
1. In the pyramid above, less energy is available in the 2nd level because
A. there is more food than in the 1st level
B. energy from the 1st level was given off as heat
C. the organism at the top doesn’t need very
D. producers don’t use as much energy as consumers
2. Because humans consume both animal and plant species they are described as
A. carnivores
B. omnivores
C. omnivores
D. predators
51
ECA Biology Review
3. Which of these organisms breaks down and releases nutrients from other dead organisms
A. herbivores
B. decomposers
C. omnivore
D. carnivore
4. Which of the following may be a limiting factor in an organism’s survival:
A. space it lives in
B. number of predators
C. competition
D. all the above
E. none of the above
5. Which of the following would most decrease the amount of carbon dioxide in the air
A. Growing maple tree
B. Running dog
C. Person driving a car
D. Burning forest
6. All the biotic and abiotic factors in a small forest form a(an)
A. population
B. community
C. ecosystem
D. biosphere
When DDT (a pesticide) was used for decades and had been passed to eagles and other large birds. Soon this
affected the birth rate of the eagles causing them to be put on the endangered species list.
7. DDT passed to the eagles by
A. water
B. soil
C. food chains
D. air
8. The process of building ever increasing amounts of a toxic substance in organisms as you move up the food
chain is called
A. conservation
B. biomagnification
C. diversity
D. consumption
9. Which of the following is not caused by air pollution
A. acid precipitation
B. increased UV radiation
C. loss of the ozone layer
D. algal blooms(rapid growth of algae in a lake)
52
ECA Biology Review
10. Which of these is not a terrestrial biome
A.
B.
C.
D.
taiga
estuary
tundra
temperate forest
11. Which level represents the largest biomass?
12. Label each organism above as an autotroph or heterotroph.
13. This graph shows population growth of houseflies. Based on the data in the graph, which of these
statements is true?
Figure 13.1
A.
B.
C.
D.
All the population will be dead at the end of the year
At the beginning of the year there are no houseflies
The graph shows a J-curve of steady growth every month
The graph shows a J-curve of exponential growth
53
ECA Biology Review
14. In Figure 13.1, if the fly population leveled off for a year at 500,000-550,000 due to an increase in
spiders in the area—label each of the following as true or false
A.
B.
C.
D.
Average death rate would equal average birth rate_________
this is an example of linear growth___________
this would be an example of an S-curve graph______________
the flies have reached their carrying capacity_______________
15. Plankton are organisms that live in the desert. T—F
Short answer questions
1. Hawaii was once nothing but volcanic rock—no soil or plants. Now there are plush forests with a wide range
of plants and animals –mango and avocado trees are the climax forest community along with birds monkeys
and rodents, tropical grasses and ferns.
Draw/label and explain the process of succession on the islands show 4 stages with possible organisms.
3. List 4 ways organisms got to the islands and give an example of each
4. Zebra mussels are an invasive species of clam-like organisms—They feed on phytoplankton removing most
of these photosynthetic organisms, reproduce exponentially, and have no effective predators. List/explain 3
ways zebra mussels affect the food web and biodiversity in the Great Lakes ecosystem.
54