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Transcript
Chapter 6: Greek Civilization 2000 BC to 323 BC Mr. King J110 Vocabulary polis – city-state independent – self-governing acropolis – hill where the main temple was built theaters – place where people present plays aristocrats – member of the powerful ruling class tyrant – leader who rules by force, not by law democracy – rule by the people vote – choose leaders and pass laws direct democracy – government where each citizen votes on every law assembly – a meeting or group of people who meet to pass laws lottery – system of randomly picking names giving each person an equal chance public – having to do with government; having to do with the people Vocabulary bribe – to pay someone to do something jury – group of people who listen to court cases and give a decision migrating – to move from one place to another enslaving – force people to become slaves helot – slave in Sparta patriotic – loyalty/love toward a country architecture – art of building fleet- group of ships outnumber – to have more soldiers/ships than the opposition independence – ability to be free/govern one’s self maneuver – to move around column – tall structure used to support a building goddess – a female god Vocabulary chorus – group of actors who talk about what is happening in a play tragedy – Greek play where the hero has too much pride and is defeated comedy – Greek play where the writer makes fun of important people philosopher – person who seeks answers astronomy – study of the stars biology – study of living things ethics – study of what is good/bad logic – study of how to think physics – study of matter politics – study of government Hellenism – blend of eastern and western cultures by Alexander the Great Hellenistic Age – time period when Greek culture influenced the world geometry – study of measurement Geography of Ancient Greece Early Civilizations of the Aegean Sea The Minoans first settled in Crete They had a population of 100,000 people Minos was the King of Knossos and the son of Zeus Zeus was the “Father of Gods and man” Early Civilizations of the Aegean Sea Every year King Minos picked 7 men and women to go to the labyrinth which was located in Crete There they would be fed to the Minotaur who was half man, half bull; this was to appease the gods Minos was later tricked and killed: He was scalded by hot water 2000 BC People from the north begin to move to the south They built cities/raided territories Warrior kings ruled these areas These people were called Achaeans Their most important city was Mycenae, so they were often called Mycenaeans 1200 BC Mycenaeans attack the city of Troy Trojans were original settlers of Troy (NW Turkey) The Trojan war begins: Trojans vs. the Mycenaeans The Iliad and the Odyssey was written by Homer, a blind poet; these epic poems describe the Trojan War The Trojan War lasted 10 years End of the Trojan War The Mycenaeans attempted to get back Helen, wife of Menelaus, ruler of Sparta Helen was stolen by Paris, son of the King of Troy A Trojan Horse tricked Paris: the gates of the sealed palace were opened and the Mycenaean army destroyed everything Greek City-States Greeks built their polis around the acropolis Below the acropolis: homes, theaters, and markets Government 800 BC Kings ruled and passed power to their sons 700 BC Aristocrats take over 600 BC Tyrants take over Democracy is Born in Athens Solon (a leader) suggested a new form of rule: democracy Only about 40,000 out of 300,000 Athenians had the right to vote Voting was restricted to men only: no women, slaves, or people from other city-states were allowed to vote Direct democracy was first introduced; later an assembly was formed Democracy is Born in Athens A council of 500 citizens was created People were picked from a lottery Members served for only 1 year Members carried out all public, government, and business affairs in Athens Athenian Justice Juries were used instead of judges 6,000 citizens were chosen by a lottery each year to serve on the jury Between 201-501 people served on each jury Some court cases had over 1,000 citizens; this was done to ensure that nobody could bribe a large jury Athenian Jury Sparta Located on a peninsula in southern Greece called Peloponnesus Around 1100 BC, Spartans enslaved native farmers and gathered slaves called helots For every Spartan there were 5 helots; eventually helots would rebel but were defeated by the powerful Spartan Army Map of Sparta Typical Life in Sparta During times of war, women told their men: Come back carrying your shield or come home dead being carried on your shield Sick/weak children were left to die on a hill At age 7, boys began training as soldiers and were taken from their families; their duty was to serve their country Men became citizens at 20; married at 30; lived in military camps until 60 years of age War Tests the Greeks Between 500 BC and 400 BC, the Greeks fought several wars against the Persian Empire 519 BC the Persians conquer the Ionian Greeks 490 BC Darius sends 600 ships and thousands of soldiers to invade Greece Persians land in the Bay of Marathon; Persians heavily outnumber the Athenians War Tests the Greeks Persians attack Athens by sea Athenians attack while the Persians are loading their ships Persians are defeated Pheidippides runs 25 miles from Marathon to Athens to announce victory and collapses; today we run marathons like he did The Persian Wars Thermopylae 480 BC Xerxes, the son of Darius, sends 200,000 soldiers and 1,000 ships to fight the Greeks 20 city-states join to battle the Persians Spartans control the army Athenians controlled the navy Thermopylae Thermopylae was a narrow mountain pass 300 Spartan warriors and 7,000 Greek soldiers, step up to battle the Persians A huge battle begins: 1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ukhc5SV2mb4 Persians Move to Salamis Persians march south and destroy Athens Athenians have already left Athens and moved to a small island, Salamis Here the Persian army of 800 ships is defeated: their ships could not maneuver through the ocean King Xerxes returns to Persia Peloponnesian War Athens forms an alliance with Greek city-states City-states agree to give Athens money and supplies in exchange for protection Athens is rebuilt ; this makes Sparta angry 431 BC war breaks out between Sparta and Athens Sparta destroys Athens 371 BC Thebes, a city-state, defeats Sparta King Phillip II conquers Greece Greek Culture Contributions The Parthenon was constructed after the Athenians defeated the Persians Art and the search for truth were two major contributions of the Greeks Greek Cultural Contributions The Statue of Athena: 39 feet high Greek plays: tragedies and comedies Plays were performed in outdoor theaters Greek Cultural Contributions Lyre and the pipes came from the gods Orpheus was a skilled musician Music was a big part of special occasions Greek Cultural Contributions Socrates , Plato, and Aristotle were important philosophers from Greece Socrates questioned the Athenian government which made many people dislike him Plato’s Republic, a fictional book, described an ideal society that was not a democracy Aristotle studied astronomy, biology, ethics, logic, physics, and politics; his book Politics explained that no form of government was perfect The Spread of Greek Culture Alexander the Great was the son of Phillip II of Macedon After Phillip conquered the Greeks, he planned to conquer the Persians next; he died before this happened Alexander moved 35,000 soldiers to Asia and defeated the armies of Darius III (Persian king) Alexander freed Egypt from Persian rule and built Alexandria near the Nile River 330 BC Alexander defeats all remaining Persian armies and becomes the King of Persia The Spread of Greek Culture 323 BC Alexander develops a fever and later dies His empire begins to fall apart Generals divide his empire into three kingdoms: Macedon Egypt Syria The Spread of Greek Culture The Greek culture slowly moved east; this movement of eastern and western cultures became Hellenism Hellenistic Age lasted from 323 to 31 BC Great cities were constructed: Antioch in Syria had streets that were paved and lighted Alexandria had over 500,000 residents and a vast library Euclid of Alexandria developed geometry and used math to create pulleys