Download Yr 8 Core Knowledge Booklet

Science Core Knowledge
Year 8
This booklet contains the core knowledge that we believe is the foundation of understanding for each of
the topics taught in year 8.
Pupils are require to learn a selection of these questions each week for homework. Their teacher will then
carry out regular quizzes to check pupil progress.
The first 10 questions in end of topic tests will always come directly from this booklet so that pupils who
have applied themselves to revision will always be rewarded by predicable questions.
We suggest that pupils work with each other or with adults at home to memorise a few at a time in much
the same way you may have prepared for spelling tests in the past.
To help prepare for the end of topic tests we have created a website that contains digital copies of these
questions, the presentations that teachers use in their lessons, links to other websites, details of test
dates and other things you may find useful.
bit.ly/aylshamscience
(You will need to type this in to the the address bar exactly as is because the site is hidden from Google.)
We also sell CGP KS3 revision guides from room 10 at lunch or break time at a significantly reduced price.
8.1 Body Systems
Number
1
Question
What is a balanced diet?
2
3
4
5
6
7
What do fats and sugars provide?
What do dairy products provide?
What do meat fish and eggs provide?
What do carbohydrates provide?
What do fruit and vegetables provide?
What is the problem with eating too much
fats and sugars?
What are the problems with not getting
enough energy?
What is the recommended number of
kcalories a person should consume each
day?
In what order does food pass through your
body?
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Answer
A diet that includes all the important food groups in
the correct proportions
Energy
Protein and minerals
Protein, minerals and energy
Energy and fibre
Vitamins and fibre
Becoming obese (becoming very fat)
Poor development and organ failure
2000 kcal for a woman
2500kcal for a man
1)Mouth
2)Oesophagus
3)Stomach
4)Small intestine
5)Large intestine
6)Rectum
You become constipated
Chemically break down food the it can be absorbed
What happens if you don’t eat enough fibre?
What do the enzymes in your digestive
system do?
What do villi do?
What is it about villi that helps them absorb
food quickly?
How is food transported around the body
after it is absorbed?
What are probiotics?
What can ‘bad’ bacteria cause when in your
digestive system?
What is an antibiotic?
What is immunity?
Absorb food in you intestines
They have a large surface area
In blood in the circulatory system
Bacteria that help you digest food
Diarrhoea and vomiting
A drug that kills bacteria
When your body has learnt how to fight of a specific
disease
8.2 Plants and Photosynthesis
Number
1
Question
What is photosynthesis?
2
What is the word equation for
photosynthesis?
Answer
The process by which plants and some other
organisms use sunlight to make food from carbon
dioxide and water
Carbon Dioxide + Water
Glucose + Oxygen
1
3
What is the symbol equation for
photosynthesis?
CO2 + H2O
4
What are the reactants of photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide and water
5
What are the products of photosynthesis?
Glucose and oxygen
6
What does the plant use glucose for?
7
What is biomass?
8
Where in the plant does photosynthesis take
place?
What is the green pigment called that is
necessary for photosynthesis?
In which organelle is this green pigment
found?
 Used in respiration for energy
 Converted to storage molecules
 Used to build plants structure
The total quantity or weight of organisms in a given
area
In the leaves
9
10
C6H12O6 + O2
Chlorophyll
Chloroplast
11
Where does gas exchange take place?
Stomata in the leaves
12
What is the process called by which plants
exchange gases?
Diffusion
13
What chemical is used to test for starch?
Iodine
14
What are the limiting factors for
photosynthesis?
Light, carbon dioxide, water
15
16
How do plants get water?
Through their roots
How are roots adapted for the uptake of
They have root hairs which increases their surface
water and minerals?
area
Name 3 minerals that plants need for growth
 Nitrogen
 Phosphorous
 Potassium
Why are fertilisers used?
To add minerals to increase crop yield
Why do plants need nitrogen?
Nitrogen is a component of chlorophyll and so is
necessary for photosynthesis
Why is it important to reduce the number of Weeds will compete for water and resources that
weeds around food crops?
the crop needs
What other pests affect crops?
Insects
Fungi
Viruses
Bacteria
How do farmers deal with these pests?
Use pesticides
Introduce a predator of the pest
What negative impacts do pesticides have
Can get into water supply
on the environment?
Pollute the air
Destroy soil health
Can effect biodiversity
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
2
24
State the reproductive structures of a
flowering plant
25
State 4 methods of seed dispersal
26
Why do we need bees for our food supply?
27
What is chemosynthesis?
28
What is the source of energy for all food
chains?
Carpel – stigma; style; ovary
Ovule
Stamen – anther; filament
Wind dispersal
Animal internal
Animal external
Explosive / self-propelled
Without bees to spread seeds many plants would die
off
Chemosynthesis is using chemical energy to produce
nutrients, instead of light
Sunlight
8.3 Atoms, Elements and Compounds
9
10
11
12
Question
What is an atom?
What are the three “states of matter”?
What do we call the change from solid to liquid?
What do we call the change from liquid to gas?
What do we call the change from gas to liquid?
What do we call the change from liquid to solid?
What is an element?
How are the particles arranged in a solid
element?
How are the particles arranged in a liquid?
How are the particles arranged in a gas?
Name the three particles that make up an atom
What is a compound?
13
What is a mixture?
14
What are the columns in the periodic table
called?
What are the rows in the periodic table called?
What feature links elements in the same group?
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Answer
A tiny particle
Solid, liquid and gas
Melting
Boiling (or evaporating)
Condensing
Freezing
One type of atom
Regularly arranged and all touching each other
Irregularly arranged, with some spaces in between.
Irregularly arranged and far apart
Protons, neutrons and electrons
More than one type of atom chemically joined
together.
More than one type of atom, but not chemically
joined together.
groups
periods
They have similar chemical properties (their
reactions are the same)
Towards the left and the bottom
Towards the right and the top
Where do we find metals on the periodic table?
Where do we find non-metals on the periodic
table?
What are metalloids?
They are elements that behaves like a metal
sometimes and like a non-metal other times ( HAPS:
intermediate behaviour)
A change that is easily reversible
A change that is not easily reversible
1. Colour change
2. Temperature change
3. A gas is given off (bubbles/fizzing)
4. A change in state e.g a precipitate is made
What is a physical reaction?
What is a chemical reaction?
What are the four signs that a chemical reaction
has taken place?
3
23
24
25
26
What is a reactant?
What is a product?
What does the arrow in a word equation
indicate?
What two things does the formula of a compound
tell us?
A substance we have at the start of a reaction
A substance we have at the end of a reaction
It shows that a reaction has taken place
27
Give three ways in which a mixture is different
from a compound.
28
Describe what “distillation” is
29
When magnesium burns does it gain or lose mass,
and why?
What is the principle of “conservation of mass”?
30
1. What elements are in a compound
2. What ratio of those elements in the
compound
1. The ratio of the elements is not fixed
2. The properties of a mixture are often the
“average” of those of the elements (whereas
compounds can have properties that are
entirely different from those of the elements
that make them up.)
3. The components of a mixture are not
chemically joined together.
Distillation is the separation of two miscible liquids
(liquids that mix, e.g. water and alcohol), by means
of their different boiling points.
Magnesium gains mass because of the mass of the
oxygen added to it.
Matter cannot be created or destroyed. The total
mass of the products of a reaction is the same as the
total mass of the reactants.
8.4 Rocks, atmosphere and Climate Change
Question
1
2
Answer
Crust, Mantle, outer core and inner core.
Sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic rock
3
Name the 4 layers of the earth
Name the three types of rock in the rock
cycle.
Describe how sedimentary rocks are formed
4
Describe how igneous rocks are formed
5
Describe how metamorphic rocks are formed
Molten (liquid) rock forms when rocks melt.
The molten rock is called magma. When the
magma cools and solidifies, a type of rock
called igneous rock forms. Examples are
obsidian, basalt, granite and gabbro.
Rocks become deeply buried or squeezed. As a
result, the rocks are heated and put under
great pressure. They do not melt, but the
minerals they contain are changed chemically,
forming metamorphic rocks. Examples are
marble and slate
6
7
8
Name the three types of weathering
What % of the atmosphere is nitrogen?
What % of the atmosphere is Oxygen
Chemical, physical and biological weathering.
78%
21%
Layers or sediment are laid down over
thousands of years, which are compressed by
the sediment above to form porous rock.
Examples are: Chalk, limestone, sandstone and
shale,
4
9
13
14
Which greenhouse gas in responsible for
recent climate change
Name two other greenhouse gasses
Where does the independent variable go on a
graph?
Where does the dependant variable go on
the a graph
Which gas in responsible for Acid Rain?
Why does acid rain occur?
15
Which indicator is used to test the pH of Soil?
10
11
12
Carbon Dioxide
Methane. Water vapour
On the X axis
On the Y axis
Sulphur Dioxide
Sulphur dioxide is dissolved in rain water. Which
forms sulphuric acid. Which makes rain water
more acidic.
Universal indicator
8.5 Waves
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Question
What do waves carry?
What does a sound reflecting off a surface make?
When do objects make a sound?
What does frequency measure and what are the
units?
What is a medium?
What does sound travel fastest in? Solid, Liquid or
Gas?
What can’t sound travel through?
Explain why sound travels faster when particles
are closer together
To measure the speed of a sound wave, which
two things do you need to measure?
Name the first part of the ear to detect a sound
What does the cochlea do?
13
Which unit of measurement is used for the
loudness of a sound?
What is ultrasound?
14
What is infrasound?
15
What does a translucent material do?
16
17
18
Which mediums can light travel through?
What is the angle of reflection?
What is refraction?
19
Name the colours in the visible spectrum in order
(from the lowest frequency)
Why do blue objects look blue?
20
Answer
Energy
An Echo
When they vibrate
Number of waves per second, measured in Hertz
(Hz)
material that energy, eg sound, light or heat, passes
through
Solid
A vacuum (where there are no particles- like space)
When particles are closer together, the vibrations
are more easily passed along.
How far it has travelled (distance)
How long it took to get there (time)
The eardrum
Turn vibrations into electrical signals that can be
sent to the brain
Decibels
Sound with a frequency/pitch above the range of
human hearing
Sound with a frequency/pitch below the range of
human hearing
It scatters visible light as it passes through it
Through solids, liquids, gasses and a vacuum.
angle between the normal line and a reflected ray
bending of light when it moves from one material to
another of a different density
Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue Indigo, Violet.
(ROY.G.BIV)
White light lands on the object, all the other colours
of light are absorbed, blue is reflected into the eye.
5
8.6 Force and Speed
Question
1
Name 8 forces
2
3
State the unit for force
State an example where friction is useful
4
State Newton’s third law of motion
5
What is the motion of the car if all forces are
balanced?
Describe what will happen to the car if the
largest force is thrust?
If C is weight/gravity, what is the force A?
6
7
8
9
10
State the formula for speed
Suggest how you can decrease friction
A car travelled 20km in 1 hour, calculate it’s
speed in km/h.
11
12
What is the standard unit for speed?
If force A is 10N and force C is 10N, what is the
13
14
resultant force acting on this object:
What is the unit for weight?
At which points A, B or C, does the object have
the greatest speed?
Answer
Thrust, air resistance, friction, weight/gravity, reaction,
upthrust, lift, magnetism
Newton, N
Any example of useful friction (e.g. shoes on floor,
tyres on road)
If object A exerts a forces on object B, then object B
exerts an equal but opposite force on object A
Constant speed/stationary
It will accelerate
Reaction
Speed = distance / time
Using a lubricant such as oil, Vaseline or ball bearings
Equation: speed = distance/ time
Substitute: speed = 20 / 1
Calculate: 20 / 1 = 20
Units: 20km/h
Metres per second, m/s
0N
Newtons, N
A- where the graph has the steepest gradient
6
15
16
If an object has a resultant force of 0N, describe
its motion
State Newton’s second law of motion
17
State an example of when friction is not useful
18
Describe the motion of the object at C
19
20
What two things do the arrows on a force
diagram demonstrate?
What is terminal velocity?
21
Describe the motion of the object at B
22
23
Suggest a suitable astronomical unit
Calculate the time taken for an object to travel
16m at a speed of 4m/s
24
Describe the objects motion at A
It is either stationary or moving at a constant speed
If the forces on an object are unbalanced, two things
about the object can change, the speed of the object
and the direction of motion
Any example of friction not being useful (e.g. in an
engine, axles, motor, machinery)
The object is travelling at constant speed
Size of force
Direction of force
Terminal velocity acts on a falling object when all
forces are balanced and the object is falling at a
constant speed
The object is stationary
Light years
Equation: speed = distance/ time
Rearrange: Time: Distance / speed
Substitute: Time: Distance / speed
Calculate: 16 / 4 = 4
Units: 4s
The object is accelerating fast
7
25
If D is thrust, suggest the name of force B
Friction/drag/air resistance
26
State Newton’s first law of motion
27
Calculate the distance travelled by an object
whose speed is 5m/s over a time period of 10
minutes
28
If D is thrust, describe the motion of the object
If the forces on an object are balanced, the object will
continue to do what it is already doing
Convert: 10 minutes into seconds:
10 x 60 = 600
Equation: speed = distance/ time
Rearrange: Distance = speed x time
Substitute: Distance = 5 x 600
Calculate: 5 x 600 = 3000
Units: 3000m
The object is accelerating in the direction of D
29
For this accelerating object, state the resultant
force if A is 15N, B is 5N,C has a force of 15N
and D is 15N
10N in the direction of D
30
Define galaxy
A collection of stars
8