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The birth of Ecology Arsistot / Buffon Definition of Ecology The etymological meaning of ecology: The word ecology comes from the Greek - Oikos means (Home - Habitat) and Logos (Science - Knowledge) It is the study and observation of interactions between living things and their habitats. This version is related to environmental science. The word ecology was used for the first time in 1866 by biologist Ernst Haeckel. He defined ecology as "the science of relationships of organisms with the surrounding world." Professor Roger Dajoz in 1983, refines the definition of ecology. For him, "Ecology is the science that studies the lives of living beings and all kinds of interactions between these living beings on the one hand, between living beings and the environment on the other." 1 ◦ The lives of living beings 2 ◦ The interactions and relationships between living beings 3 ◦ The interactions between living things and their environment = ecosystems Current definition Ecology To the general public, ecology is linked to environmental concerns, the consequences, negative and destructive, which are often,linked at human activities on the environment and the planet. (Pollution, destruction of ecosystems, greenhouse warming the world, deforestation ...) The basic principles of ecology. Ecology, as we consider it today, is a new science, but the basic principles of ecology has gradually evolved through the ages. Aristotle (384-322 BC) say "Humans and non-humans lived in different moral realms, because some were endowed with reason, and not another" (Scala naturae). Theophrastus (371-287 BC), a pupil of Aristotle, showed his disagreement, making a distinction between plants and animals. It is consecrate especially philosophy botany. He wrote numerous book dealing with the morphology, terminology and classification of plants. Aristote Théophraste Pline L'Ancien (30-79) was a Roman knight, he write "Natural History". His work is dominated by the idea of nature "sovereign, creative, and workers the creation" idea inspired by in particular, the Stoic doctrine, criticizing everything that corrupts nature. (Stoicism is the philosophy which advocates the practice of meditation exercises that lead to live in harmony with nature and the reason for attaining wisdom and happiness, the ultimate goal of human existence) Les XVe et XVIIe centuries are important periods in the history of the world Long travels, at this time, leads to the discovery of other continents, other peoples, other cultures, and their fauna and flora. The development of new networks of exchange, and interconnections, first with the Americas in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, but also Asia and Africa. The Great Botanists Leonhart Fuchs Book : « Historia stirpium » Physician and Botanist German born at Membdingen in January 17, 1504, died May 10, 1566 at Tübingen Fuchs uses criteria to define species, are based on the general appearance of the flowers, in the smell, color, size leaves ... Fuchsia, discovered on the island of Santo Domingo in 1696, it was dedicated him in 1703 by Charles Plumier Hieronymus Bock Book : « New Kreütter Büch » Botanist, born at Heidesbach in he classifies 800 species of 1498, died February 21, 1554 at plants according as they are Hornbach wild or cultivated, whether trees, shrubs or herbs. Jean Bauhin Botanist he is born in Basel, December 12, 1541, death in Montbeliard, October 26, 1612, Andrea Cesalpino Book « l'Historia universalis plantarum » In 1591, he published a "History of rabies notable wolves" with remedies to prevent rabies, which occurs after the bite of wolves, dogs and other animals raging in 1593, he drafted a Treaty of animals assigns wings, affecting by their prick or their stinging bites, with the remedies. Book : « De plantis libri XVI » Physician, philosopher, chemist and botanist He was born June 6, 1519, in Arezzo, Tuscany and died Feb. 23, 1603 in Rome, This book is near seagrass He described around 1500 species. He invented the first method of botany. He based his classification on: the shape of the flower, the fruit, and the number of seeds. Joseph Pitton de Tournefort Book : « Éléments de botanique ou méthode pour connaître les plantes » Botanist He was born in Aix-enProvence, June 5, 1656, died in Paris, December 28, 1708 Carl von Linné Swedish naturalist He was born May 23, 1707 at Råshult, and died January 10, 1778, in Uppsala He is considered one of the fathers of modern ecology In the field of botany, he made a herbarium, and he described various crops seen during his travels. "The method followed is based on the structure of the flowers, and fruits. it can not deviate without throwing in strange embarrassment ... ". - JP de Tournefort - Book : « Systema Naturæ » (systems of Nature) "Species plantarum" (species of plants) He described approximately 8,000 different plants. Linné developed his system of binomial nomenclature. a combination of two Latin names: a generic name and a specific epithet. In the early eighteenth century, approximately 20 000 plant species were known, against 40,000 in the early nineteenth century and almost 400,000 today. The great Zoologist Ulisse Aldrovandi Eminent scientist Italian Renaissance He is born september 11,1522 in Bologna, and died may 4, 1605 in the same city Conrad Gessner ( Konrad von Gesner ) Swiss naturalist He was born March 26, 1516 in Zurich and died December 13, 1565 in Zurich. Pierre Belon Book : 1) Ornithologiae, hoc est de avibus historiae libri XII. (De avibus), Bologne, 1599. 2) Ornithologiae, tomus alter, Bologne, 1600. 3)Ornithologiae, tomus tertius ac postremus, Bologne, 1603. The work of Aldrovandi is a veritable encyclopedia of natural history, he produced fourteen volumes, folio important. Between 1551 and 1554, he organized several expeditions to collect plants for his herbarium. His herbarium was thus composed of more than 7000 samples qu'Aldrovandi used during teaching. Ulysses Aldrovandi bequeathed his collections naturalists at the University of Bologna, enabling the creation of a museum of natural history, one of the first in Europe Book : « Historia animalium » It is, one the most important book of zoology that was never published. Gessner is the first to have the design, "genre" and "Family" in zoology and botany. he was the first to classify plants according to the organs of fructification, fertile idea which later transformed the botany. Book : « L'histoire naturelle des estranges poissons marins, avec la vraie peincture et description du daulphin, et de plusieurs autres de son espèce » in 1551 Naturalist and traveler he was born around 1517, near Le Mans, died in 1564 The term fish includes all the marine animals of the whale sea lion, the crustacean anemone through the hippopotamus or otter. Pierre Belon describes, for the first time in Europe, many animals that were unknown. It describes about 110 species of fish. Board comparing the skeleton of a human and a bird. Extracted from "Histoire des oyseaux" by Pierre Belon Pierre Belon is also interested in botany, and in particular to the acclimatization of exotic plants. He introduction in France of the Judas tree, the cork oak, the pistachio, cedar, jujube, holm oak, juniper and east, and the myrtle. In his descriptions of botany, no doubt influenced by his knowledge apothecary, he pays great attention to the therapeutic properties of plants. John Ray (John Wray) English naturalist He was born in November 29, 1627, in Essex, and died in January 17, 1705. nicknamed the father of British Natural History John Latham Physician, Naturalist and Writer, He was born June 27, 1740 in Eltham, in Kent, and died February 4, 1837. Mathurin Jacques Brisson French physicist and zoologist, member of the Academy of Sciences. He was born April 30, 1723,at Fontenay-leComte died June 23, 1806, near Versailles at Croissy Book : Methodus plantarum nova (1682), d'Historia plantarum (1686) Methodus emendata (1703). He starts to be interested in plants . He separates the monocots and the dicotyledons, and probably, inspired by Theophrastus,the gymnosperms and the angiosperms. he differentiates plants without flowers (such as ferns) of flowering plants. Ray publishes "Ornithologia libri", one of the founding works of modern ornithology. He has written books on marine species reptiles, insects and other animals. Ray is one of the founders of zoology and botany modern Book : « General Synopsis of Birds » He busied himself at the same time, ornithology and anatomy compares and form a beautiful collection of birds, he described many new species imported from Australia Book : « Ornithologie » He tries, despite the lack of information on the behavior of birds,to describe as accurately as possible, species, where Linnaeus merely a brief presentation. Brisson sets 115 genera, grouped in 26 orders. August Johann Rösel von Rosenhof He is an artist and a German naturalist, born March 30, 1705 at Augustenburg near Arnstadt and died March 27, 1759 in Nuremberg . Book : "Monatlich herausgegebene Insectienbelustigungen", the four parties succeeded in 1746, 1749, 1755 "Historia naturalis ranarum nostratium" (1758), on the Lizard, To distinguish insects from other animals, Rösel useful four criteria that seem a little surprising today: - Insects have no legs, and not bones, unlike other animals; - The insects, in place of the mouth, or a sort of sting, or a sort of suction cup, and if they have a mouth thereof, is not inserted dorsoventrally but rather transversely ; - Insects do not have eyelids; - Insects, breathe through small holes. Michel Adanson French botanist and naturalist of Scottish origin he is born April 7, 1727 in Aix-en-Provence and died August 3, 1806 in Paris. Book : "Méthode nouvelle pour apprendre à connaître les familles des plantes" "Histoire naturelle du Sénégal. Coquillages". He described a considerable number of new animals and plants. Its botanical collections including more than a thousand harvests, as well as more than 300 perennials that acclimatera in the Jardin du Roi. He will report, also 33 species of birds, which are described by Mathurin Jacques Brisson with the method containing the division of birds, "orders", "sections", "genre", "species" and varieties. René-Antoine Ferchault Book : He wrote many books, among them "History of Ants" de Réaumur "History of Wasps" French physicist and naturalist The study of plants He was born February He gave detailed descriptions of the 28, 1683, La Rochelle "flowers" and "seeds" of several and died 17 October 1757 species of marine algae in the field of The study of aquatic invertebrates Bermondière, SaintHe made known, the means by which Julien-du-Terroux the starfish, sea nettles, lots of shells and other molluscs or zoophytes, perform their progressive movement for locomotion by translation mode. Among the works of Reaumur, we must mention the papers published in 1749 on the artificial incubation of eggs of birds Abraham Trembley Genevan naturalist. He was born September 3, 1710 - died May 12, 1784 Book : "Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire d'un genre de polypes d'eau douce à bras en forme de cornes" He is the first to clarify the breeding of animals by budding, grafting permanent of animal tissues. He discovers that the protozoa multiply by division and describes some physical characteristics of protoplasm . Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon " If animals did not exist, would we not even more incomprehensible to ourselves? " Naturalist, Mathematician, Biologist, Cosmologist, Philosopher and Writer French. He was born at Montbard September 7, 1707, and died in Paris at 0 h 40, April 16, 1781. Book " Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roy " It is in this book, it is note the similarities between humans and monkeys . L’Histoire naturelle is an encyclopedia is divided into 36 volumes . Buffon is a thinker who has embraced all aspects of natural history "Natural history" followed by "Theory of the Earth, General History of animals and natural history of man"; - Twelve volumes on quadrupeds (1753 to 1767); - nine volumes on birds (1770 to 1783); - five volumes on minerals (1783 to 1788), - seven volumes of supplements (1774 to 1789), the Epochs of Nature (from 1778). The legacy of Buffon. The new ideas he has introduced into the science by the new laws he established, Buffon was the forerunner of the greatest scholars of the beginning of the nineteenth century. XIX century, they are all branches of zoology which will be studied with an ardor and sagacity unheard together will be based paleontology, embryology, teratology, etc.. With Cuvier, Lamarck, Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Audubon, Darwin, Haeckel, Huxley, Milne-Edwards, and many others.