Download Circulation and Respiration

Circulation and
Respiration
Teacher’s Guide
Middle School
Editors:
Brian A. Jerome, Ph.D.
Stephanie Zak Jerome
Assistant Editors:
Heidi Berry
Dean Ladago
Visual Learning Company
Brandon, Vermont
1-800-453-8481
www.visuallearningco.com
Circulation and Respiration
Use and Copyright:
The purchase of this video program entitles the user the right to reproduce or
duplicate, in whole or in part, this teacher’s guide and the blackline master
handouts for the purpose of teaching in conjunction with this video, Circulation
and Respiration. The right is restricted only for use with this video program.
Any reproduction or duplication, in whole or in part, of this guide and student
masters for any purpose other than for use with this video program is
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The video and this teacher’s guide are the exclusive
property of the copyright holder. Copying,
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means, without prior written permission from the
copyright holder is prohibited (Title 17, U.S. Code
Sections 501 and 506).
Copyright  2003
ISBN 1-59234-062-8
8802
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Circulation and Respiration
Table of
Contents
Page
A Message From our Company
5
National Standards Correlations
6
Student Learning Objectives
7
Assessment
8
Introducing the Video
9
Video Viewing Suggestions
9
Video Script
11
Answers to Student Assessments
17
Answers to Student Activities
18
Assessment and Student Activity Masters
19
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Circulation and Respiration
Viewing
Clearances
The video and accompanying teacher’s guide are for
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settings, or similar instructional settings.
Duplication rights are available, but must be negotiated with
the Visual Learning Company.
Television, cable or satellite rights are also available, but must
be negotiated with the Visual Learning Company.
Closed circuit rights are available, and are defined as the use
of the program beyond a single classroom but within a single
campus. Institutions wishing to utilize the program in multiple
campuses must purchase the multiple campus version of the
program, available at a slightly higher fee.
Discounts may be granted to institutions interested in
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be negotiated with the Visual Learning Company.
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Circulation and Respiration
A Message from
our Company ...
Dear Educator:
Thank you for your interest in the educational videos produced by
the Visual Learning Company. We are a Vermont-based, family owned
and operated business specializing in the production of quality
educational science videos and materials.
We have a long family tradition of education. Our grandmothers
graduated from normal school in the 1920’s to become teachers.
Brian’s mother was an elementary teacher and guidance counselor,
and his father was a high school teacher and superintendent. This
family tradition inspired Brian to become a science teacher, and to
earn a Ph.D. in education, and lead Stephanie to work on science
educational programs at NASA.
In developing this video, accompanying teacher’s guide, and student
activities, our goal is to provide educators with the highest quality
materials, thus enabling students to be successful. In this era of more
demanding standards and assessment requirements, supplementary
materials need to be curricular and standards based - this is what we
do!
Our videos and accompanying materials focus on the key concepts
and vocabulary required by national and state standards and goals.
It is our mission to help students meet these goals and standards,
while experiencing the joy and thrill of science.
Sincerely,
Brian and Stephanie Jerome
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Circulation and Respiration
Standards
Correlations
National Science Education Standards
(Content Standards: 5-8, National Academy of Sciences, c. 1996)
Life Science - Content Standard C:
As a result of their activities in grades 5-8, all students should
understand that:
• Living systems at all levels of organization demonstrate the
complementary nature of structure and function. Important levels of
organization for structure and function include cells, organs, tissues,
organ systems, whole organisms, and ecosystems.
• The human organism has systems for digestion, respiration,
reproduction, circulation, excretion, movement, control, coordination,
and for protection from disease. These systems interact with one another.
Benchmarks for Science Literacy
(Project 2061 - AAAS, c. 1993)
The Human Organism - Human Identity (6A), Basic Functions (6C).
By the end of the 8th grade, students should know that:
• Like other animals, human beings have body systems for obtaining and
providing energy, defense, reproduction, and the coordination of body
functions.
• To burn food for the release of energy stored in it, oxygen must be
supplied to cells, and carbon dioxide removed. Lungs take in
oxygen for the combustion of food and they eliminate the carbon
dioxide produced. The urinary system disposes of dissolved waste
molecules, the intestinal tract removes solid wastes, and the skin and
lungs rid the body of heat energy. The circulatory system moves all
these substances to or from cells where they are needed or produced,
responding to changing demands.
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Circulation and Respiration
Student Learning
Objectives
Upon viewing the video and completing the enclosed student
activities, students should be able to do the following:
• Describe some of the main functions performed by the
circulatory system and respiratory system;
• Differentiate between the three different types of blood
vessels-arteries, veins, and capillaries;
• Explain the difference between pulmonary circulation and
systemic circulation;
• Describe the path blood takes through the heart, and identify
the major features of the heart ;
• List ways in which blood is useful to the body;
• List some of the different elements found in blood including
plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets; and
• List some of the major organs and structures included in the
respiratory system, and state their functions.
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Circulation and Respiration
Assessment
Preliminary Test:
The Preliminary Test, provided in the Student Masters section, is an
assessment tool designed to gain an understanding of student
preexisting knowledge. It can also be used as a benchmark upon
which to assess student progress based on the objectives stated on
the previous pages.
Video Review:
The Video Review, provided in the Student Masters section, can be
used as an assessment tool or as a student activity. There are two
main parts. The first part contains questions titled “You Decide” that
can be answered during the video. The second series of ten questions
consists of a video quiz to be answered at the conclusion of the video.
Post-Test:
The Post-Test, provided in the Student Masters section, can be
utilized as an assessment tool following student completion of the
video and student activities. The results of the Post-Test can be
compared against the results of the Preliminary Test to assess student
progress.
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Circulation and Respiration
Introducing the
Video
Have students place two fingers on their neck until they feel their pulse. Ask
them to think of a word that describes what they feel. Have students
examine the inside of their wrist and locate an artery. Ask them to describe
what they see. Have students take a deep breath in and then exhale. Explain
to students that each of these observations demonstrate different parts of the
circulatory and respiratory systems in the human body.
Explain to the students that the heart continuously pumps blood throughout
the body via blood vessels similar to the ones in their neck and wrist.
Explain to students that with each breath of air, you oxygenate cells, and
eliminate wastes from the body. Tell students to pay close attention to the
video to learn more about functions of the circulatory and respiratory systems in the body.
Video Viewing Suggestions
The Student Master “Video Review” is provided for distribution to
students. You may choose to have your students complete this
Master while viewing the program or to do so upon its conclusion.
The program is approximately 20-minutes in length and includes a
ten-question video quiz. Answers are not provided to the Video Quiz
on the video, but are included in this teacher’s guide. You may
choose to grade student quizzes as an assessment tool or to review
the answers in class.
The video is content-rich with numerous vocabulary words. For this
reason you may want to periodically stop the video to review and
discuss new terminology and concepts.
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Circulation and Respiration
Student Assessments
And Activities
Assessment Masters:
•
Preliminary Test
•
Video Review
•
Post-Test
Student Activity Masters:
•
Blood Groups
•
A Journey Through the Heart
•
Measuring Your Pulse Rate
•
Vocabulary of Circulation and Respiration
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Circulation and Respiration
Video Script:
Circulation and
Respiration
1. Have you ever exercised so hard that you could feel your heart beating?
2. Or have you ever run so fast that you felt like you would never catch your breath?
3. These are just a couple of the ways your body responds to increased physical
activity.
4. Have you ever had a nose bleed or other injury that bled a lot?
5. Or have you ever had something hit your body hard enough to cause a bruise?
6. Or perhaps you have been frightened or suddenly startled which caused your heart
to race and your breathing to increase.
7. These reactions are your body’s way of responding to changes in activity level or
to changes in your environment.
8. What causes your body to react this way? And what parts of your body are
involved in these reactions?
9. During the next few minutes we are going to explore these questions and others...
10. . . . as we take a look at your body’s circulatory and respiratory systems.
11. Graphic Transition – The Circulatory System
12. Place your fingers over the inside of your wrist in line with your thumb.
13. Be quiet for several seconds and try to feel the rhythmic movement of blood
pumping toward your hand.
14. This is your body’s circulatory system in action.
15. What is the purpose of the circulatory system?
16. The circulatory system transports food, blood, and other important substances to
the cells in your body.
17. It also carries carbon dioxide and waste products away from cells.
18. You Decide! What organ pumps blood throughout the body?
19. That’s right – the heart. The heart is the muscle responsible for forcing blood
throughout your body.
20. Blood is pumped through a vast network of tubes generally referred to as blood
vessels.
21. Another very important role of the circulatory system is to fight off foreign
substances, which may harm the body.
22. Perhaps you have had been sick with a cold or an infection.
23. The circulatory system uses a variety of techniques including white blood cells to
fight foreign bodies.
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Circulation and Respiration
Script (cont.)
24. These are just a few of the features and important jobs carried out by the
circulatory system.
25. Let’s now take a more in-depth look at some of the fascinating features of the
circulatory system.
26. Graphic Transition – Blood Vessels
27. Look at all the pipes in the basement of this building.
28. Some of these pipes carry freshwater for people in the building to drink and wash
with.
29. While other pipes carry wastewater that leaves the building.
30. You Decide! What is the network of pipes called in the body?
31. The human body has a network of pipe-like structures called blood vessels.
32. Place a couple of fingers on your neck. You can feel blood flowing through one
of the larger vessels in the body – the carotid artery.
33. The carotid artery supplies your brain with oxygen. Arteries carry blood away
from the heart.
34. The aorta, which carries blood directly out of the heart, is the largest artery in the
body.
35. Blood in arteries is rich in oxygen.
36. To allow blood to flow freely, arteries tend to have smooth flexible walls.
37. They also form smaller and smaller branches as the arterial network spreads
throughout the body.
38. The smallest blood vessels are the capillaries.
39. Capillaries are microscopic vessels where food and gases are exchanged with
body cells
40. It is here in the capillaries that oxygen and food are exchanged for carbon dioxide
and waste products.
41. Veins, shown here in blue, are another type of blood vessel. The main job of
veins is to carry blood back to the heart.
42. Blood in veins is oxygen -depleted.
43. The walls of veins tend to be thin and contain one-way valves that prevent blood
from flowing backwards.
44. Blood is returned to the heart in large veins called the superior vena cava, and
inferior vena cava.
45. Graphic Transition- Circulation in the Body
46. The circulatory system in our body, also known as the cardiovascular system, can
be divided into three main parts.
47. Pulmonary circulation consists of the flow of blood from the heart to the lungs
and back.
48. Systemic circulation consists of the flow of blood throughout the body to the
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Circulation and Respiration
Script (cont.)
major tissues and organs except the lungs and the heart.
49. Systemic circulation makes the greatest use of the huge network of blood vessels.
50. The third system of circulation is referred to as coronary circulation. This
involves the flow of…
51. …. blood and gases to the heart.
52. Graphic Transition – The Heart
53. These five one-liter bottles of water represent the amount of blood your heart
pumps throughout your body every minute.
54. Over the course of a day your heart pumps enough blood to fill this train car.
55. Needless to say, the heart is an extremely important organ and rests only between
beats.
56. Functioning relentlessly for up to 100 years in some people.
57. The heart is made up of four main chambers or hollow compartments.
58. The septum, a thick wall of tissue, separates the hearts’ right side and left side.
Right and left is referred to as if the heart were in your own body.
59. The chambers in the upper part of the heart are called atria.
60. The right atrium receives blood from the body which is oxygen depleted.
61. Blood then flows from the right atrium into the right ventricle.
62. The right ventricle squeezes and forces the blood to the lungs where it picks up
oxygen and gives off carbon dioxide.
63. The red, well-oxygenated blood then returns back to the heart via the left atrium.
64. Then into the left ventricle.
65. The left ventricle has a big job. It needs to pump blood with enough force to
reach all parts of the body.
66. The blood from the left ventricle passes through the body’s largest artery – the
aorta.
67. The heart receives its own blood supply through the coronary arteries.
68. Coronary arteries are vital in making sure the heart stays healthy.
70. Graphic Transition – Monitoring the Cardiovascular System
71. Whenever you visit a physician, one of the first things he or she does is to listen
to your heart.
72. This is commonly done with an instrument called a stethoscope, which magnifies
the sounds of the heart.
73. If the doctor is concerned about what he or she hears they may take an
electrocardiogram or EKG.
74. This is a way for doctors to monitor the electrical impulses of your heart.
75. The health of your heart is very important, and can be maintained through a good
diet, regular exercise, and regular medical checkups.
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Circulation and Respiration
Script (cont.)
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
It is also common to have your blood pressure taken by your doctor.
The instrument used for this is called a sphygmomanometer.
Its job is to measure the pressure of the blood flowing in your arteries.
That pressure needs to be within a certain range, not too low and not too high.
High blood pressure is a common medical problem, which can cause too much
strain on the heart.
81. Fortunately, through proper diet, exercise, and medication, blood pressure may be
controlled.
82. Graphic transition – The Blood
83. Did you realize that blood is found everywhere in your body?
84. What is the purpose of blood?
85. Our blood has many important jobs.
86. First, it carries oxygen to all parts of the body.
87. Second, it transports nutrients from the digestive system to the body’s cells.
88. Third, it carries waste products from cells to the kidneys.
89. And fourth, blood contains substances that help heal wounds and fight
infections.
90. The blood is kind of like vegetable soup in that it is made up of liquid called
plasma and solids called cells.
91. Plasma, which makes up about half the volume of blood, consists mostly of
liquid.
92. Suspended in the plasma are two different types of cells.
93. You Decide!
94. What are the most common type of blood cells?
95. The most common type of blood cells are red blood cells.
96. Red blood cells play a vital role in carrying oxygen and carbon dioxide through
out the body.
97. They possess a substance called hemoglobin that bonds to these gases.
98. Blood also contains another important type of blood cell called white blood
cells.
99. White blood cells are less numerous and are larger than red blood cells.
100. They fight foreign substances that invade the body such as bacteria, and viruses.
101. Platelets are the final blood component we will discuss.
102. Platelets are actually fragments of cells that help clot blood when you get cut or
injured.
103. A blood clot seals off holes and injured blood vessels, to prevent blood loss.
104. These are just a few of the general features of blood. Lets’ now take a look at the
respiratory system.
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Circulation and Respiration
Script (cont.)
105. Graphic Transition- The Respiratory System
106. Mammals such as whales…
107. …and seals that live in the ocean must continually return to the surface to
breathe oxygen.
108. You Decide! Why do we need to breathe?
109. We need to breathe many times a minute to replenish our body with oxygen and
to release waste products such as carbon dioxide and water vapor.
110. The respiratory system is responsible for this process.
111. When you take a deep breath you can feel the air rushing into your nose and
then into your throat.
112. Air flows to a tube called the trachea, which branches into two tubelike
structures called bronchial tubes.
113. These tubes then lead to the lungs.
114. You have two lungs, each of which are made up of millions of tiny balloon-like
structures called alveoli.
115. The alveoli are surrounded by a network of capillaries. These alveoli and
capillaries allow the blood to pick up fresh oxygen and give off carbon dioxide
and water vapor.
116. When you take a breath you inhale air which delivers oxygen to the lungs
where it is quickly absorbed into the bloodstream
117. And when you exhale you are taking gaseous waste products from your blood
and breathing them out of the body.
118. It is the movement of your chest, and a muscle called the diaphragm that allows
air to move into your lungs and then to be expelled out.
119. Graphic Transition- Summing Up
120. During the past few minutes, we’ve taken a look at the important features of the
circulatory and respiratory systems.
121. We discussed the different types of blood vessels in the body such as arteries,
capillaries and veins,…
122. …and we talked about the different ways they transport blood throughout the
body.
123. We studied the three main parts of the circulatory system; pulmonary
circulation, systemic circulation, and coronary circulation.
124. We explored an extremely important organ in the body, the heart. We talked
about the ways it pumps blood throughout the body.
125. …and we examined some of the different methods used to monitor the cardiovascular system.
126. We took a more detailed look at the blood, including red and white blood cells
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Circulation and Respiration
Script (cont.)
and platelets, and their purpose in the circulatory system.
127. Finally, we briefly explored the respiratory system, and discussed how the
process of breathing delivers oxygen to the lungs and expels carbon dioxide and
waste products from your blood.
128. So, the next time you take your pulse,…
129. …feel your heart racing,…
130. …or need to catch your breath after exercising,…
131. …think about some of the amazing features of the circulatory and respiratory
systems.
132. You might just think about your body a little differently.
Video Quiz: Fill in the correct word to complete the sentence. Good luck and
let’s get started.
1. Arteries carry blood __________ from the heart.
2. The __________ is the body’s largest artery.
3. Blood in veins is __________ depleted.
4. Platelets help blood __________ when you get injured.
5. __________ blood cells fight foreign substances.
6. __________ are microscopic blood vessels.
7. The heart is made up of __________ chambers.
8. ______ blood cells carry oxygen.
9. Blood is made of a liquid called __________ and cells.
10. Your lungs contain tiny structures called __________.
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Circulation and Respiration
Answers to
Student Assessments
Preliminary Test
1. wastes
2, blood vessels
3. carotid
4. capillaries
5. cardiovascular
6. four
7. aorta
8. sphygmomanometer
9. red
10. alveoli
11. true
12. false
13. false
14. false
15. true
16. true
17. false
18. true
19. false
20. true
Video Quiz:
1. away
2. aorta
3. oxygen
4. clot
5. white
6. capillaries
7. four
8. red
9. plasma
10. alveoli
Post Test
1. false
2. true
3. true
4. false
5. true
6. true
7. false
8. false
9. true
10. false
11. blood vessels
12. wastes
13. capillaries
14. carotid
15. cardiovascular
16. red
17. four
18. sphygmomanometer
19. aorta
20. alveoli
Video Review
You Decide:
1. The heart is responsible for
pumping blood throughout the
entire body.
2. Blood vessels are the network of
pipe-like structures in the body.
3. The most common type of blood
cells are red blood cells.
4. We need to breathe in order to
replenish our body with oxygen
and release waste products such
as carbon dioxide and water vapor.
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Circulation and Respiration
Answers to
Student Activities
Blood Groups
Blood
Group
Protein
Clumping Blood used in
Chemicals Transfusions
A
A
Anti B
A, O
B
B
Anti A
B, O
AB
A, B
None
A, B, AB. O
O
None
Anti A,
Anti B
O
Journey Through the Heart
1. superior vena cava
2. right atrium
3. right ventricle
4. inferior vena cava
5. aorta
6. left atrium
7. valve
8. left ventricle
9. septum
10. pulmonary artery
11. pulmonary veins
Measuring your Pulse
1. The resting pulse is less than the standing
pulse.
2. A resting pulse serves as a base to
compare the effects that activities
have on the body.
3. The standing pulse is more than the
breath-holding pulse.
4. The active pulse rate is greater than all of
the other pulse rates taken.
5. Answers will vary but should be
between 5 and 7 minutes.
Conclusion: On average, males have a
higher pulse rate than females, even at rest.
Vocabulary:
1. c, heart
2. h, aorta
3. f, carotid artery
4. i, capillaries
5. g, blood
6. j, blood vessels
7. d, veins
8. e, pulmonary circulation
9. b, stethoscope
10. a. systemic circulation
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Assessment
and Student
Activity
Masters
19
Circulation and Respiration
Name___________________
Preliminary Test
Directions: Fill in the blank with the correct word. A list of
possible answers is provided at the bottom of the page.
1. One function of the circulatory system is to carry ________________
away from cells.
2. ________ ____________ are tubes through which blood flows.
3. The ______________ arteries supply the brain with oxygenated blood.
4. __________________are very small blood vessels.
5. The circulatory system is also known as the ___________________
system.
6. The heart consists of _______________ main chambers.
7. The body’s largest artery is the ______________ .
8. A __________________________ is an instrument used to measure
blood pressure.
9. _______________ blood cells are the most common cells in the blood.
10. Tiny balloon-like structures found in the lungs are called ______________.
alveoli
sphygmomanometer
four
six
carotid
cardiovascular
20
red
aorta
white
capillaries
blood vessels
wastes
2003
Circulation and Respiration
Name___________________
Preliminary
Test
Directions: Decide whether the answer is True (T) or False (F).
11. Red blood cells carry oxygen throughout the body.
T
F
12. Arteries carry blood to the heart.
T
F
13. Capillaries are the body’s biggest blood vessels.
T
F
14. The respiratory system is responsible for the
movement of blood through the body.
T
F
15. Blood picks up oxygen in the lungs.
T
F
16. The heart is part of the circulatory system.
T
F
17. There are five chambers in the heart.
T
F
18. High blood pressure can cause too much strain on
the heart.
T
F
19. There are more white blood cells in the body than
red blood cells.
T
F
20. Platelets play an important role in blood clotting.
T
F
21
2003
Circulation and Respiration
Name___________________
Video Review
Directions: During the course of the program, answer the “You Decide”
questions as they are presented in the video. Answer the Video Quiz questions at
the end of the video.
You Decide:
1. What organ pumps blood throughout
the body?
2. What is the network of pipes called in
the body?
3. What are the most common type of
blood cells?
4. Why do we need to breathe?
Answer ________________
Answer ________________
Answer ________________
Answer ________________
Video Quiz:
1. Arteries carry blood _____________ from the heart.
2. The ______________ is the body’s largest artery.
3. Blood in veins is ______________ depleted.
4. Platelets help blood ________________ when you get injured.
5. _______________ blood cells fight foreign substances.
6. _______________ are microscopic blood vessels.
7. The heart is made up of _______________ chambers.
8. ______________ blood cells carry oxygen.
9. Blood is made of a liquid called _____________ and cells.
10. Your lungs contain tiny structures called __________________.
22
2003
Circulation and Respiration
Name___________________
Post Test
Directions: Decide whether the answer is True (T) or False (F).
1. Arteries carry blood to the heart.
T
F
2. Red blood cells carry oxygen throughout the body.
T
F
3. High blood pressure can cause too much strain
on the heart.
T
F
4. Capillaries are the body’s biggest blood vessels.
T
F
5. Blood picks up oxygen in the lungs.
T
F
6. The heart is part of the circulatory system.
T
F
7. The respiratory system is responsible for the
movement of blood through the body.
T
F
8. There are five chambers in the heart.
T
F
9. Platelets play an important role in blood clotting.
T
F
10. There are more white blood cells in the body than
red blood cells.
T
F
23
2003
Circulation and Respiration
Name___________________
Post Test
Directions: Fill in the blank with the correct word. A list of
possible answers is provided at the bottom of the page.
11. _________ ____________ are tubes through which blood flows.
12. One function of the circulatory system is to carry ________________ away
from cells.
13. _________________ are very small blood vessels.
14. The ______________ arteries supply the brain with oxygenated blood.
15. The circulatory system is also known as the ___________________
system.
16. _____________ blood cells are the most common cells in the blood.
17. The heart consists of _______________ main chambers.
18. A ___________________ is an instrument used to measure blood pressure.
19. The body’s largest artery is the ______________ .
20. Tiny balloon-like structures found in the lungs are called _____________.
red
aorta
capillaries
blood vessels
wastes
white
alveoli
sphygmomanometer
four
carotid
cardiovascular
six
24
2003
Circulation and Respiration
Name___________________
Blood Groups
Objective: In this activity students will learn about the ABO Blood System and how blood is
characterized by the protein attached to the red blood cells.
Background: Every person is born with a certain type of blood that remains the same
throughout their lifetime. In 1900, an American scientist by the name of Karl Landsteiner
classified human blood into four basic groups: A, B, AB, and O. Blood is categorized by the
type of protein surrounding each red blood cell. People with group A blood have A proteins
attached to their red blood cells. People with group B blood have B proteins attached to their
red blood cells. AB blood has a combination of both A and B proteins, while O blood has
neither.
Most people have between 4 and 6 liters of blood in their body at all times. If a large amount of
blood is lost due to an injury of some sort, blood may be transferred from one person’s body to
another. This process is called a transfusion. In the event of a blood transfusion it is necessary
to know the patient’s blood type. Group A blood produces a chemical called anti B, which
causes blood cells with the B protein to clump together when B blood is transfused. If blood in
the body clumps together it can block the bloodstream and cause death. In other words, A and
B blood does not mix. Similarly, B blood contains a chemical called anti A that causes red
blood cells with A proteins to clot. Because of the possibility of clumping, blood groups need
to be carefully matched in the laboratory.
AB blood is very unique. AB blood does not contain any anti chemical that might cause
clumping and therefore can be mixed with all blood types. People with AB blood are referred
to as universal receivers. People with type O blood are commonly referred to as universal
donors. This title is given to them because O blood can be mixed with all types of blood.
While O blood can be used in all transfusions, a person with type O blood can only receive type
O blood. This is because O blood contains both the anti A and anti B chemicals that would
cause clumping if mixed with another blood type other than O. Keep in mind that the ABO
Blood System is just one criteria to consider when a transfusion occurs.
Activity: Fill in the table below, matching each blood group with the type of proteins attached
to their red blood cells, the type of anti-chemical found in the blood, and the type or types of
blood that can be used for a transfusion.
ABO Blood System
Blood
Group
Protein
Clumping
Chemicals
Blood used in
Transfusions
A
B
AB
O
25
2003
Circulation and Respiration
Name___________________
A Journey Through
the Heart
Objective: Students will investigate the path blood takes through the heart.
Background: The human heart is one of the most amazing organs in the body. As
the principal organ of the circulatory system the heart is responsible for pumping
blood throughout the entire body! The network that transports blood is made up of
three main types of blood vessels – arteries, veins, and capillaries. The heart and
blood vessels continuously work together to form the circulatory system, and move
blood to different parts of the body.
Your heart is about the size of your fist. It is a thick and hollow organ made primarily
of cardiac muscle. The heart has two sides, right and left, which are separated by a
wall of muscle called the septum. Four separate chambers make up the interior of the
heart. The top chambers are called atria while the bottom chambers are called ventricles. Blood travels into the heart through veins and out through arteries. The
passage below describes the cycle blood takes through the heart. As you read the
passage, label the parts of the heart in the diagram of the human heart.
Blood enters the heart from the body via two veins, the superior vena cava and the
inferior vena cava. As you might have guessed the superior vena cava is the vein
that carries blood from the upper body while the inferior vena cava is the vein that
carries blood from the lower body. From the vena cavas, blood enters into the first of
four chambers in the heart, the right atrium. Blood from the right atrium is pumped
through one-way valves and into the chamber below called the right ventricle. At
this point in the cycle, the blood is not oxygenated. Where in the body do you think
blood needs to go in order to become oxygenated? Blood from the right ventricle is
pumped through the pulmonary artery into the lungs. Here in the lungs, blood picks
up oxygen and gives off carbon dioxide. The oxygenated blood travels back into the
heart from the lungs via the pulmonary vein and into the left atrium. From the left
atrium blood is pumped through another one-way valve and into the left ventricle.
From here blood is pumped up through the largest artery in the body, the aorta, and
out to the rest of the body.
26
2003
Circulation and Respiration
Name___________________
A Journey Through
the Heart (cont.)
5.
10.
11.
6.
1.
7.
2.
8.
3.
9.
4.
27
2003
Circulation and Respiration
Name___________________
Measuring Your Pulse
Rate
Objective: In this activity students will locate their pulse and calculate their pulse rate
under different conditions.
Background: Arteries are the largest blood vessels in the body. Blood that exits the heart
does so through the largest artery in the body, the aorta. From the aorta, blood travels
throughout the body via many different branching arteries. When the heart pumps blood
through an artery close to the surface of the skin, the rhythmic pressure it creates can be
felt. This pressure is called a pulse. A pulse is caused by the heart pumping blood through
the body’s arteries. The pulse rate is the number of pulses counted during a one minute
time period. Many things influence the heart rate, including age, gender, health, rest, and
exercise level. In the following activity you will experience different pulse rates by changing the state of your body’s condition.
Materials:
Clock or watch with second hand
Calculator
Procedure:
1. Work in pairs. With each exercise, partners should take turns being the subject and the
timekeeper. The subject should count their own pulse rate while the timekeeper keeps
track of the time.
2. First, each partner should locate the pulse in their neck. To do so place two fingers,
pointer and middle, at the back of the bottom jaw bone. Slide your two fingers slowly
down below your jawbone and onto your neck until you feel a pulse. Practice finding
your pulse a few times so that you will be able to do so quickly during the experiments.
3. The subject should sit quietly for one minute while the timekeeper keeps track of time.
4. At the end of the minute, find your pulse and count each pulsation for 15 seconds. In
order to get your pulse rate per minute you need to multiply your pulse by 4. Repeat
two more times and record each result in the blanks below.
1. ______________
2. ______________
3. ______________
28
2003
Circulation and Respiration
Name___________________
Measuring Your Pulse
Rate (cont.)
5. Add your results together and divide by three in order to calculate your average resting
pulse rate. Fill in the blank below.
___________________ Average Resting Pulse Rate/Min.
6. Switch roles and repeat steps 3-5.
7. Stand straight for 2 minutes. At the end of the two minutes count you pulse for 15
seconds while the timekeeper keeps track of time. Determine your pulse rate per
minute by multiplying your result by 4. Fill in the blank below.
___________________ Standing Pulse Rate/Min.
8. Switch roles and repeat step 8.
9. While seated take a deep breath, exhale part of it. While holding your breath count
your pulse rate for 15 seconds. Determine your pulse rate per minute by multiplying
you result by 4. Fill in the blank below.
___________________ Breath-Holding Pulse Rate/Min.
10. Switch roles and repeat step 9.
11. Run in place or jump up and down for 1 minute. Immediately after you stop running,
locate your pulse and count the rate for 15 seconds. Record your pulse rate. Take your
pulse again after 15 seconds for 15 seconds until it returns to the resting pulse rate.
12. Determine your active pulse rate per minute by multiplying by 4. Record each
pulse rate taken after the 15 second intervals. Fill in the blank below.
__________________ Active Pulse Rate/Min.
13. Answer the questions below.
Questions:
1. How does your resting pulse rate compare to your standing pulse?
2. Why is it necessary to take a resting pulse?
3. How does your standing pulse rate compare to your breath-holding pulse?
4. How does your active pulse rate compare to all your other pulse rates?
5. How long did it take for your active pulse rate to equal your resting pulse?
Conclusion:
As a class, average together the resting pulses of females and then do the same for males.
How do the two averages compare? What does this say about the resting pulses of females
and males?
29
2003
Circulation and Respiration
Name___________________
Vocabulary of
Circulation and Respiration
___1) haetr__________________
___2) aotar_________________
___3) coartid artyer _________________
___4) cillapareis _________________
___5) doolb _______________
___6) bolod vsseels _________________
___7) visen _________________
___8) uplarmony uclircation ____________
___9) sttehocoeps _________________
___10) sstymice cucrilaiont _____________
30
a. flow of blood through tissues
and organs of the body except
the lungs and heart
b. instrument used to listen to
your heart sound
c. a muscular organ that pumps
blood throughout the body
d. blood vessels that carry
blood to the heart
e. the flow of blood from the
heart, to the lungs, and back
f. arteries that supply your
brain with oxygenated blood
g. fluid that carries gases and other
materials throughout the body
h. the largest artery in the
body, carries blood from the heart
to the body
i. the smallest blood vessels found in
the body
j. a network of tubes through
which blood is transported
2003