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Blood and Respiration Practice Test - key 1. Describe the shape, function, and origin of Red Blood Cells, White Blood Cells, and Platelets. Drawing Function(s) Origin Red Blood Contain hemoglobin Made from stem cells Cells -transport O2, CO2, in the bone marrow + -transport H (buffer blood) White Blood All Fight infection Made from stem cells Cells -some produce antibodies in the bone marrow -other cells are phagocytic Platelets Used in blood clotting Made from stem cells -form a temporary plug to stop bleeding in the bone marrow - work with blood clotting proteins to make a more permanent clot 2. List and give the function of the major components of Plasma. a. b. c. d. 3. water – a good solvent, makes blood liquid and allows it to flow, maintains blood pressure. proteins – hormones (eg. insulin), blood clotting proteins (fibrin), antibodies, nutrients – glucose, amino acids, vitamins, minerals wastes – NH3, urea, CO2 Explain the roles of Antigens and Antibodies. Antigens: surface features on cells, made from glycolipids, glycoproteins and embedded proteins on cell membrane Antibodies: attach to antigens and cause them to clump together, also, mark antigen for phagocytosis 4. Blood clotting Platelets make a temporary plug to stop bleeding Blood clotting proteins called fibrin weave a mesh net around platelets to make a more permanent clot. 5. Identify and give functions for each of the following: Function Larynx Voice box – vocal cords Trachea Windpipe – takes air towards lungs Bronchi Branch of trachea – go to each lung Bronchioles Alveoli Diaphragm Ribs Pleural Membranes Thoracic Cavity Branch off bronchi – go to alveoli Site of external respiration – gas exchange between lung and blood Contracts to assist inspiration – increases size of thoracic cavity Protects lungs – move up and out during inspiration Allow lungs to move freely without friction, help lungs inflate Lung cavity – size and pressure cause inspiration and expiration 6. Label each of the above structures on the diagram. 7. Explain the roles of Cilia and Mucus in the respiratory tract. Mucus traps debris (dirt) Cilia sweep it out of trachea (some cilia may be found in bronchi) 8. Explain the relationship of structure and function of Alveoli. structure function Very thin and moist Allow for gas exchange (external respiration) Surrounded by many capillaries Increases gas exchange (external respiration) Highly folded Increases surface area for gas exchange (external respiration) Lipoprotein layer (inside alveoli) Prevents alveoli from collapsing 9. Label the following on the diagram 10. Describe the interaction of the lungs, pleural membranes, ribs, and diaphragm in the breathing process. Inhalation Exhalation Lungs inflate deflate Pleural Membranes Stretch – allow lungs to inflate and relax allow lungs to move freely without friction Ribs muscles Contract to move ribs up and out relax Ribs Move up and out to increase thoracic Move down to decrease thoracic cavity size and decrease thoracic cavity cavity size and increase thoracic pressure cavity pressure Contracts and pulls flat to increase Relax – domed position to decrease thoracic cavity size and decrease thoracic cavity size and increase thoracic cavity pressure thoracic cavity pressure Thoracic cavity size increases decreases Thoracic cavity pressure decreases increases Diaphragm 11. Explain the roles of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions in stimulating the breathing centre in the Medulla Oblongata. Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen Ions: Increasing CO2 and H+ concentrations are detected by the medulla oblongata This increases breathing rate 12. Describe the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen during Internal and External Respiration. Carbon Dioxide Diffuses from cells to blood Oxygen Diffuses from blood to cells Diffuses from blood to alveoli Diffuses from alveoli to blood Internal Respiration External Respiration 13. Describe the roles of the following in the transport of CO2 and O2 in the blood. component role Oxyhemoglobin Hemoglobin transports O2 as oxyhemoglobin Carbaminohemoglobin Hemoglobin transports CO2 as carbaminohemoglobin Reduced hemoglobin Hemoglobin transports H+ as HHB (reduced hemoglobin) and so Hb acts as a buffer in the blood Most CO2 is transported as HCO3- (bicarbonate ions) Bicarbonate ions 14. Describe what happens during internal respiration when tissues (cells) become more metabolically active. a. What gas do the cells need more of and why do they need this? Cells require more O2 in order to produce more ATP C6H12O6 + O2 38 ATP + CO2 + H2O b. What gas do the cells produce more of as a waste product of cellular respiration? CO2 c. What happens to [H+] when cells are more metabolically active? What happens to the pH of the environment surrounding these cells? [H+] increases and pH decreases REASON: (you don’t need to know this chemical reaction) CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3- (bicarbonate ions) This reaction shows you that the more CO2 you make the more H+ ions you make and the lower your blood pH (more acidic) d. What is the role of hemoglobin and how does this help the metabolically active cells? Hb carries O2 and the more O2 carried by Hb (up to 4O2) the more tightly Hb holds O2. Therefore, when Hb is totally saturated (holding 4O2) it does not let go of this O2 very easily. This binding of Hb for O2 changes when Hb encounters H+. In the presence of H+, Hb gives up its O2 in order to pick up excess H+. Therefore, when Hb buffers the blood it increases the release of O2 to the metabolically active cells which is exactly what the cells need in order to make more ATP. Hb + H+ HHb (reduced hemoglobin)