Download key 1. Describe the shape, function, and origin of Red Blood Cells

Blood and Respiration Practice Test - key
1.
Describe the shape, function, and origin of Red Blood Cells, White Blood Cells, and Platelets.
Drawing
Function(s)
Origin
Red Blood
Contain hemoglobin
Made from stem cells
Cells
-transport O2, CO2,
in the bone marrow
+
-transport H (buffer blood)
White Blood
All Fight infection
Made from stem cells
Cells
-some produce antibodies
in the bone marrow
-other cells are phagocytic
Platelets
Used in blood clotting
Made from stem cells
-form a temporary plug to stop bleeding
in the bone marrow
- work with blood clotting proteins to make
a more permanent clot
2.
List and give the function of the major components of Plasma.
a.
b.
c.
d.
3.
water – a good solvent, makes blood liquid and allows it to flow, maintains blood pressure.
proteins – hormones (eg. insulin), blood clotting proteins (fibrin), antibodies,
nutrients – glucose, amino acids, vitamins, minerals
wastes – NH3, urea, CO2
Explain the roles of Antigens and Antibodies.
Antigens: surface features on cells, made from glycolipids, glycoproteins and embedded
proteins on cell membrane
Antibodies: attach to antigens and cause them to clump together, also, mark antigen for
phagocytosis
4.
Blood clotting
Platelets make a temporary plug to stop bleeding
Blood clotting proteins called fibrin weave a mesh net around platelets to make a more permanent clot.
5.
Identify and give functions for each of the following:
Function
Larynx
Voice box – vocal cords
Trachea
Windpipe – takes air towards lungs
Bronchi
Branch of trachea – go to each lung
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Diaphragm
Ribs
Pleural Membranes
Thoracic Cavity
Branch off bronchi – go to alveoli
Site of external respiration – gas exchange between lung and blood
Contracts to assist inspiration – increases size of thoracic cavity
Protects lungs – move up and out during inspiration
Allow lungs to move freely without friction, help lungs inflate
Lung cavity – size and pressure cause inspiration and expiration
6.
Label each of the above structures on the diagram.
7.
Explain the roles of Cilia and Mucus in the respiratory tract.
Mucus traps debris (dirt)
Cilia sweep it out of trachea (some cilia may be found in bronchi)
8.
Explain the relationship of structure and function of Alveoli.
structure
function
Very thin and moist
Allow for gas exchange (external respiration)
Surrounded by many capillaries
Increases gas exchange (external respiration)
Highly folded
Increases surface area for gas exchange (external
respiration)
Lipoprotein layer (inside alveoli)
Prevents alveoli from collapsing
9.
Label the following on the diagram
10. Describe the interaction of the lungs, pleural membranes, ribs, and diaphragm in the breathing process.
Inhalation
Exhalation
Lungs
inflate
deflate
Pleural Membranes
Stretch – allow lungs to inflate and
relax
allow lungs to move freely without
friction
Ribs muscles
Contract to move ribs up and out
relax
Ribs
Move up and out to increase thoracic
Move down to decrease thoracic
cavity size and decrease thoracic cavity
cavity size and increase thoracic
pressure
cavity pressure
Contracts and pulls flat to increase
Relax – domed position to decrease
thoracic cavity size and decrease
thoracic cavity size and increase
thoracic cavity pressure
thoracic cavity pressure
Thoracic cavity size
increases
decreases
Thoracic cavity pressure
decreases
increases
Diaphragm
11. Explain the roles of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions in stimulating the breathing centre in the
Medulla Oblongata.
Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen Ions:
Increasing CO2 and H+ concentrations are detected by the medulla oblongata
This increases breathing rate
12. Describe the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen during Internal and External Respiration.
Carbon Dioxide
Diffuses from cells to blood
Oxygen
Diffuses from blood to cells
Diffuses from blood to alveoli
Diffuses from alveoli to blood
Internal Respiration
External Respiration
13. Describe the roles of the following in the transport of CO2 and O2 in the blood.
component
role
Oxyhemoglobin
Hemoglobin transports O2 as oxyhemoglobin
Carbaminohemoglobin
Hemoglobin transports CO2 as carbaminohemoglobin
Reduced hemoglobin
Hemoglobin transports H+ as HHB (reduced hemoglobin) and so Hb acts as a
buffer in the blood
Most CO2 is transported as HCO3- (bicarbonate ions)
Bicarbonate ions
14. Describe what happens during internal respiration when tissues (cells) become more metabolically
active.
a. What gas do the cells need more of and why do they need this?
 Cells require more O2 in order to produce more ATP
 C6H12O6 + O2
38 ATP + CO2 + H2O
b.
What gas do the cells produce more of as a waste product of cellular respiration?
 CO2
c.
What happens to [H+] when cells are more metabolically active? What happens to the pH of the
environment surrounding these cells?
 [H+] increases and pH decreases
 REASON: (you don’t need to know this chemical reaction)
 CO2 + H2O
H2CO3
H+ + HCO3- (bicarbonate ions)
 This reaction shows you that the more CO2 you make the more H+ ions you make and the
lower your blood pH (more acidic)
d.
What is the role of hemoglobin and how does this help the metabolically active cells?
 Hb carries O2 and the more O2 carried by Hb (up to 4O2) the more tightly Hb holds O2.
 Therefore, when Hb is totally saturated (holding 4O2) it does not let go of this O2 very
easily.
 This binding of Hb for O2 changes when Hb encounters H+.
 In the presence of H+, Hb gives up its O2 in order to pick up excess H+.
 Therefore, when Hb buffers the blood it increases the release of O2 to the metabolically
active cells which is exactly what the cells need in order to make more ATP.
Hb + H+
HHb (reduced hemoglobin)