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Organisational Complexity of the Human Circulation System The way a closed circulation system is organised Arteries, arterioles, veins, venules and capillaries Pulmonary & systemic circulation and portal systems Structure of the heart & path of blood through it Role of muscle and valves in heart and blood vessels Coronary arteries & veins supplying the heart muscle Lymphatic system ABO blood groups Pulse Composition of blood Rhesus Factor Blood pressure Substance can move through very small animals by diffusion Two types of Circulation System 1. Open Circulation Systems Heart pumps blood into vessels that are open ended ……e.g. in Insects 2. Closed Circulation Systems Blood remains in a continuous system of blood vessels…..e.g. in Humans Advantages of a Closed Circulation System 1. Blood can be pumped faster Therefore nutrients can be delivered faster to cells allowing the organism to be more active 2. Blood flow rate to different organs can be changed For example blood flow can be increased to the leg mucles when running Main parts of Human Circulation System 1. Heart 2 Blood Vessels 3. Blood Arteries Arterioles Veins Venules Capillaries Role of muscle and elastic fibres Muscle expands to allow increased blood flow through the vessel Elastic fibres contracts the blood vessel back to shape. Valves prevent backflow Arteriole Arterioles connect arteries and capillaries Venules venules connect capillaries to the veins Capillaries Tiny blood vessels linking arterioles and venules The thin wall allows easy exchange of materials with cells The Heart Location Between the lungs, slightly to the left side of the thorax, above the diaphragm Function To pump blood around the body Structure A hollow structure made of cardiac muscle, surrounded by a double membrane Role of Heart Muscle 1. The heart wall is made of Cardiac Muscle 2. Contraction of the cardiac muscle drives blood around the body 3. Cardiac Muscle does not fatigue Advantages of a Double Circulation System 1. Separation of oxygen rich and oxygen poor blood 2. Blood pressure can be kept high Portal systems A blood pathway that begins and ends in capillaries Hepatic Portal System Connects the stomach and intestines with the liver Structure of the heart Role of Valves Tricuspid valve Prevents backflow into right atrium Semi Lunar valves Prevent backflow into heart Bicuspid Valve Prevents backflow into left atrium Blood supply to the heart wall Coronary arteries Cardiac muscle is supplied with blood by the coronary arteries. These branch from the aorta just above the semi lunar valves Coronary veins Drain blood from heart wall into the right atrium Heartbeat and its control The heart beat consists of alternate contraction and relaxation of the cardiac muscle The heart beat is controlled by the pacemaker in the right atrium. This sends an electrical signal to the cardiac muscle The heart beat sound is caused by the closing of the heart valves Pulse The alternate expansion and contraction of arteries is called a pulse Average pulse rate is 72 beats per minute Blood Pressure Pressure is due to the contraction of the ventricles which forces blood into the arteries Effect of smoking on the circulation system 1. Nicotine increases the heart rate and blood pressure. These puts a bigger workload on the heart 2. CO2 reduces the amount of O2 carried by the blood. This reduces energy levels 3. Other chemicals in tobacco. Increase the chance of clots Effect of Diet on the circulation system 1. High intake of fat causes a build-up of cholesterol. Cholesterol may block arterioles and lead to stroke or heart attack 2. High salt intake . Raises blood pressure which can cause heart attack Effect of Exercise on the circulation system 1. Exersise strengthens the heart. Exersise strengthens the heart. This improves circulation 2. Exercise increases our ability to transport oxygen. This gives increased energy levels Lymphatic System A secondary transport system consisting of one way system of vessels that collects and returns excess tissue fluid to blood system Structure 1. Lymph vessels 2. Lymph Nodes 3. Lymph Lymphatic System Functions 1. Collect tissue fluid and return it to the 2. Fight Infection by blood system (a) Filtering out microorganisms in the lymph nodes (b) Destroying microorganisms by antibody production (c) Mature and store lymphocytes 3. Transport digested fat away from intestine