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Tissue Level of Organization
Chapter 4 – Lecture Notes
Essential Terms
1. ____________: Group of similar cells that function together to carry out specialized activities
and usually have a common embryonic origin
2. _____________: Science that deals with the study of tissues
3. _____________: Physician who specializes in laboratory studies of cells and tissues for
changes that might indicate disease
Introduction
1.While cells are basic functional and structural unit of life, they ___________ in groups as
tissues to carry out specialized activities
2.Properties of tissues are influenced by factors such as extracellular material and connections
between cells
3.Tissues may be hard, semisolid, or __________
4.Vary with kind of cells present, ____________ arrangement, and types of fibers present
I. Human Tissue Classifications
A. Human Body Tissues
1. Classified into four groups according to
a. Function
b. Structure
2. Groups
a. _____________
b. _____________
c. _____________
d. _____________
B. Body Tissues Classification
1.Epithelial tissue
a. Covers body surfaces, lines hollow _____________, cavities, and ducts, and
forms glands
2.Connective tissue
a. Protects and supports body and organs
b. ______________organs together
c. Stores energy reserves as fat
d. Helps provide _____________
3.Muscular tissue
a. Generates physical _____________
4.Nervous tissue
a. Monitors and responds to changes in a variety of conditions inside and outside
the body
b. Helps maintain ______________
II. Epithelial Tissues
A. General Features
1. Epithelium (______________) or epithelia (____________)
a. Lines body surfaces
b. Cells closely ____________
1. Tightly held together with numerous junction
2. Cells arranged in sheets
a. Single layers = ___________________
b. Multiple layers = _________________
3. Surfaces
a. ___________ = free surface or superficial layer
b. ___________ = attached to basement membrane or deepest layer
Draw Epithilial Layers and Label
B. Epithelial Tissue
Basement membrane
1. Thin extracellular layer made up of
a. Basal ___________
1. Closest to epithelial cells
2. Secreted by epithelial cells
3. Components
b. Collagen, ___________, and glycoproteins
c. Reticular lamina
1. Deep to basal lamina
2. Part of ______________ tissue layer
3. Produced by fibroblasts
C. Epithelial Tissue
1. Basement membrane functions
a. ___________ and support epithelium
b. Migration surface for _________ and ___________
c. Filter large molecules and cells
2. Epithelium characteristics
a. ______________
b. High rate of cell _______________
1. Because apical surface cells sloughed off, worn off, and damaged then
replaced
2. Two types
* ____________ and lining
* Glandular
Draw the different types of tissue:
Simple
stratified
squamous
cuboidal
columnar
D. Covering and Lining Epithelia
1. Classified according to
a. Arrangement of cells in layers
•__________ = single
•__________ = multiple
•_________________ = single but appears multiple
b. Cell shapes
•Squamous = flat apical surface
•_____________= shaped like cubes or hexagons
•Columnar = taller than wide, apical surface may have cilia or microvilli
•_____________= change shape from cuboidal to flat and back allowing
stretch and recoil
E. Glandular Epithelia
1. Glandular cell function is _____________
a. Often lie in clusters deep to covering and lining epithelium
b. Consist of single or _____________ cells
2. Classification of glands
a. Exocrine
*Into ducts
*Onto a surface
3. Endocrine
a. Into the ____________
III. Connective Tissues
A. Connective Tissue
1. Most abundant __________ type
2. Functions
a. Binds together, _______________, strengthens other tissue types
b. Protects and insulates internal organs
c. _________________________ structures
d. Major transport system
e. Major site of stored energy reserves
f. Main site of _____________ responses
B. General Features
1. Two basic elements
a. ______________
b. ________________ matrix
2. Characteristics
a. Do not occur on surfaces
b. Usually highly ___________
•Exceptions include cartilage and tendons
c. Have _____________ supply
C. Types of Cells
1. Major types of connective tissues have immature “blast” cells
a. Fibroblasts in loose and dense connective
b. ____________________ in cartilage
c. ___________________ in bone
2. Blast cell characteristics
a. ____________
b. Secret matrix
c. Differentiate into “-cyte” cells
D.Types of Cells
1._________________
2.Macrophages
3.Mast cells
4._________________
5.White blood cells (________)
F. Ground Substance
1. Between cells and fibers
2. Can be fluid, ______________, or calcified
3. Functions
a. Supports cells
b. __________ cells together
c. Stores water
d. Provides medium for substance exchange
e. Active in tissue development, _____________, proliferation, shape and
metabolic functions
G. Ground Substance
1. Contains large ____________ molecules
2. Complex combinations of _______________ and proteins
a. Glycosaminoglycans or ___________
·Trap water
·Example: hyaluronic acid
H. Fibers
1. Function to strengthen and support
2. Three major types
a. ____________
b. ____________
c. ____________
I. Collagen Fibers
1. Very strong
2. Resist pulling forces
3. Not stiff
4. Often occur in parallel bundles
5. Most abundant protein in body 25% of total proteins
6. Found in most connective tissue types
a. __________
b. __________
c. __________
d. __________
J. Elastic Fibers
1. Smaller in diameter than ___________
2. Branch and join together forming network
3. Protein named __________
4. Can stretch up to 150% of relaxed length without breaking
5. Ability to return to original shape
6. Plentiful in
a. _________
b. __________ vessel walls
c. _____________ tissue
K. Reticular Fibers
1. Collagen arranged in fine bundles
2. Coated with ___________
3. Provide support in walls of blood vessels
4. Help form the basement membrane
5. Form network around cells of some tissues
a. ___________
b. ___________
c. ___________ muscle
d. Plentiful in reticular connective tissue
L. Connective Tissue Types
1. Two basic groups
a. Embryonic connective tissue
b. Mature connective tissue
1.___________
2.___________
3.___________
4.Bone
5.Liquid
M. Mature Connective Tissue
1.Loose
a. _________ connective tissue
b. __________ tissue
c. _______________connective tissue
2.___________
a. Dense regular
b. Dense irregular
c. Elastic connective
3.___________
a. Hyaline
b. Fibrocartilage
c. Elastic cartilage
4.__________
5.__________
a. Blood
Draw and label: bone, adipose, cartilage, dense regular connective tissue
IV. Membranes
1. Flat sheets of ____________ tissue
2. Cover or line a part of the body
3. Epithelial membrane
a. Combination of ____________ and underlying connective tissue layer
4. Principle membrane types
a. __________ membranes
b. ___________ membranes
c. ___________ membrane
d. ___________ membrane
A. Mucus Membrane
1. Also known as mucosa
2. _____________ membrane
a. Epithelium and underlying connective tissue
3. Lines a body cavity that opens directly to exterior
4. Line entire
a. __________, respiratory, and reproductive tracts
5. Line most of
a. ____________ tract
6. Barrier to microbes and other pathogens
7. Mucus prevents drying out
8. Connective tissue layer is _____________
a. ______________ propria
Draw and label mucus membrane:
B. Serous Membrane
1. Also known as _________
2. Epithelial membrane
3. Lines a cavity that does __________ open directly to surface
4. Covers organs within cavity
5. Connective tissue layer is ____________
6. Epithelium is simple ___________
7. Two layers
a. _____________ layer attaches to wall
b. ______________ attaches to organ
8. Secretes serous fluid to lubricate membranes and allow layers to glide over one another
9. Pleura
a. Lungs and thoracic cavity
10. ____________
a. Heart and heart cavity
11. _____________
a. Abdominal organs and cavity
Draw and label serous membrane:
D. Cutaneous Membranes
1. __________
2. Epithelial membrane
3. Covers surface of body
4. Superficial portion = ____________
5. Deeper portion = ___________
Draw and label skin:
E. Synovial Membranes
1. Lack epithelium
a. Not epithelial membranes
2. Line cavities of freely moveable _________
3. Composed of
a. ____________ connective tissue
b. Variable amounts of _____________, elastic fibers, and collagen fibers
4. Secret synovial fluid into joint cavity
a. ____________ and nourishes cartilage covering bones
b. Line ______________ (cushioning sacs) and tendon sheaths
· Easing movement of muscle tendons
Draw and label synovial membranes:
V. Muscular Tissues
1. Generates physical force needed to make body structures move
2. Produces movement
3. Maintains posture
4. Generates heat
5. Three types
a. Skeletal
b. Cardiac
c. Smooth
A. Skeletal Muscle
1. __________
2. Long cells (up to 30-40cm)
3. Cylindrical in shape
4. Many nuclei at ___________ of cell
5. Fibers are parallel
6. _________________
B. Cardiac Muscle
1. _________
2. __________
3. Single nucleus at center of cell
a. Sometimes two nuclei
4. Intercalated discs
a. Cell junctions
· Strengthen tissue and hold cells together
· Provide route for quick conduction of impulses
5. _____________
C. Smooth Muscle
1. ______________
2. ______________
3. Small
4. ___________ shaped (thick middle, tapered ends)
5. Single nucleus at center of cell
6. ______________ discs
a. Cell junctions
· Strengthen tissue and hold cells together
· Provide route for quick conduction of impulses
7. ________________
VI Nervous Tissues
1. Two principal types of cells
a. ____________
· Sensitive to various stimuli
· Convert stimuli into impulses
· Conduct impulses to:
1.Other _____________
2.____________ tissue
3.____________
· Parts of a cell
1.Cell body
2._________
3.__________
b. ____________
· Smaller than neurons
· Support, nourish, protect neurons
Draw a neuron and label:
VII.Tissue Repair
1. Ability to repair depends on
a. Extent of damage
b. ____________ type
2. _____________
a. Continuous capacity for renewal
3. ____________
a. Some have continuous capacity for renewal
b. Others replenish less readily because of smaller blood supply
4. ___________
a. Relatively poor capacity for renewal
5. ___________
a. Poorest capacity for renewal
6. New cells originate by cell division from
a. ____________(functioning part of tissue)
·Repair will be near-perfect reconstruction
b. ___________ (supporting connective tissue)
· Repair will include new connective tissue and scar formation will occur
·Original function of tissue or organ is impaired
7. Tissue repair affected by
a. ____________
b. ______________ circulation