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The Collapse of the Roman Republic 43.105, Western Civ (Carlsmith) Fall 2010 43.105, Western Civ (Carlsmith) http://home.uchicago.edu/~jedanker/romrep.timeline.gif Fall 2010 Gov’t in the Roman Republic 43.105, Western Civ (Carlsmith) Fall 2010 1 43.105, Western Civ (Carlsmith) Fall 2010 What caused the Roman Republic to fall? Why is this significant? 43.105, Western Civ (Carlsmith) Fall 2010 I. The Punic Wars • • • • • When? Where? Who? What? Why? • Punic = Phoenecian = Carthaginian 43.105, Western Civ (Carlsmith) Fall 2010 2 See map in Noble p. 156 43.105, Western Civ (Carlsmith) Fall 2010 www.bible-history.com/rome/ map_punic_wars.gif • First Punic War (264-241) • Begins over Sicily; imitatio and corvus • Second Punic War (218-201) • Hannibal’s march; Fabian strategy; Scipio Africanus attacks at Zama • Third Punic War (149-146) • Carthago delenda est (Cato) 43.105, Western Civ (Carlsmith) Fall 2010 First Punic War 43.105, Western Civ (Carlsmith) Fall 2010 3 2nd Punic War: Hannibal’s March 43.105, Western Civ (Carlsmith) Fall 2010 Second Punic War 43.105, Western Civ (Carlsmith) Fall 2010 Third Punic War (149-146 BC) Rome annihilates Carthage: killing the men, enslaving the children, burning 43.105, Western Civ (Carlsmith) the buildings, and sowing the fieldsFall with salt to make it uninhabitable…. 2010 4 • ‘View Show' to view and zoom map Roman Expansion Under the Empire • The main spurt of Roman expansion occurred between 264 and 133 B.C., when most of the Mediterranean fell to Rome, followed by the conquest of Gaul and the eastern Mediterranean by 44 B.C. • Question: How could a triumphant VICTORY lead to decline of the Roman Republic?? 43.105, Western Civ (Carlsmith) Fall 2010 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin. All rights reserved. II. Tiberius & Gaius Gracchus (died 133, 122 BC) • “But the men who fight and die for Italy enjoy nothing but the air and light; without house or home they wander about with their wives and children. . . . [T]hey fight and die to protect the wealth and luxury of others; they are styled masters of the world, and have not a clod of earth they can call their own.” • Reformist Tribunes • Land reform, debt relief, new colonies, etc. • Murdered by Senators 43.105, Western Civ (Carlsmith) Fall 2010 The Gracchi Brothers • • " He was for giving the citizenship to all Italians, extending it almost to the Alps, distributing the public domain, limiting the holdings of each citizen to five hundred acres, as had once been provided by the Licinian law, establishing new customs duties, filling the provinces with new colonies, transferring the judicial powers from the senate to the equites, and began the practice of distributing grain to the people. He left nothing undisturbed, nothing untouched, nothing unmolested, nothing, in short, as it had been. Velleius Paterculus History of Rome, II, vi. 3-6 “Haec mea ornamenta sunt.” (Cornelia Gracchus, mother) 43.105, Western Civ (Carlsmith) Fall 2010 5 III. The Generals Control Rome • • • • Marius Sulla Julius Caesar [Octavian (Augustus)] • = militarization of political leadership • See Noble, pp. 135-38 43.105, Western Civ (Carlsmith) Fall 2010 Marius, “The First Man in Rome” • Equestrian popularis • Military success • Repeated consulships 43.105, Western Civ (Carlsmith) Fall 2010 Giovanni Tiepolo, The Triumph of Marius 43.105, Western Civ (Carlsmith) Fall 2010 6 Julius Caesar • See Noble, pp. 136-38 43.105, Western Civ (Carlsmith) Fall 2010 From Republic to Empire: Julius Caesar & Augustus 43.105, Western Civ (Carlsmith) Fall 2010 Julius Caesar (100-44 BC) • General, dictator, orator, historian, reformer. . . • “the sole creative genius ever produced by Rome” • As famous in death as in life. . . 43.105, Western Civ (Carlsmith) Fall 2010 7 Caesar’s career • First Triumvirate (60-53 BC) • Pompey, Caesar, Crassus • Military victories in Gaul (60-53) • Commentaries on Gallic War • Crossing the Rubicon (49) • Civil War (49-45) • Dictator in Rome (45-44) • Assassinated • Ides of March, “et tu, Bruti?” 43.105, Western Civ (Carlsmith) Fall 2010 Map of Julius Caesar’s career 43.105, Western Civ (Carlsmith) Fall 2010 Caesar’s accomplishments • Expanded Roman citizenship to provinces • Expanded Senate • Founded colonies for soldiers • Public building program in Rome • Julian calendar 43.105, Western Civ (Carlsmith) Fall 2010 8 Caesar in popular culture • • • • • • • • “Veni, vidi, vici” Shakespeare’s play Caesarian birth Caesar/Kaiser/Tsar Caesar salad Little Caesar’s pizza Caesar’s Palace Jeep Rubicon 43.105, Western Civ (Carlsmith) Fall 2010 9