Download Mendel and Genetics

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GENETICS
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Gregor Mendel
• The basic laws of
heredity were first formed
during the mid-1800’s by
an Austrian botanist
monk named Gregor
Mendel. Because his
work laid the foundation
to the study of heredity,
Mendel is referred to as
“The Father of Genetics.”
What is Heredity?
» Heredity- The
passing of physical
characteristics from
parents to offspring.
» A trait is a physical
characteristic that in
inherited from
parents.
» Genetics is the study
of heredity.
Mendel’ Pea Plants
Mendel based his laws on his studies of
garden pea plants. Mendel was able to
observe differences in multiple traits over
Pod color
many generations because pea plants
reproduce rapidly, and have many visible
traits such as:
Seed Color
Plant Height
Green Yellow
Green Yellow
Tall
Short
Seed Shape
Pod Shape
Wrinkled Round
Smooth Pinched
Mendel’s Experiments
Mendel noticed that some plants always produced offspring
that had a form of a trait exactly like the parent plant. He
called these plants “purebred” plants. For instance, purebred
short plants always produced short offspring and purebred tall
plants always produced tall offspring.
X
Purebred Short Parents
Short Offspring
X
Purebred Tall Parents
Tall Offspring
Mendel’s First Experiment
Mendel crossed purebred plants with opposite forms of a trait.
He called these plants the parental generation , or P generation.
For instance, purebred tall plants were crossed with purebred
short plants.
X
Parent Tall
P generation
Parent Short
P generation
Offspring Tall
F1 generation
Mendel observed that all of the offspring grew to be tall
plants. None resembled the short short parent. He called this
generation of offspring the first filial , or F1 generation, (The
word filial means “son” in Latin.)
Mendel’s Second Experiment
Mendel then crossed two of the offspring tall plants produced
from his first experiment.
Parent Plants
Offspring
X
Tall
F1 generation
3⁄4 Tall & 1⁄4 Short
F2 generation
Mendel called this second generation of plants the second
filial, F2, generation. To his surprise, Mendel observed that
this generation had a mix of tall and short plants. This
occurred even though none of the F1 parents were short.
TOOLS TO KNOW
A PUNNET SQUARE IS
A TOOL USED TO
PREDICT THE
POSSIBLE
GENOTYPES FOR THE
OFFSPRING OF TWO
KNOWN PARENTS.
PARENT’S GENES
PARENT’S GENES
TERMS TO KNOW
T,t
ALLELES
DIFFERENT FORMS OF A
TRAIT THAT A GENE MAY
HAVE
HOMOZYGOUS
AN ORGANISM WITH TWO
ALLELES THAT ARE THE
SAME
TT, tt
HETEROZYGOUS
AN ORGANISM WITH TWO
DIFFERENT ALLELES FOR
A TRAIT
Tt, Gg
TERMS TO KNOW
Tt, Gg
HYBRID
SAME AS
HETEROZYGOUS
DOMINANT
A TRAIT THAT DOMINATES REPRESENTED BY AN
OR COVERS UP THE
UPPERCASE LETTER
OTHER FORM OF THE
TRAIT
T G
OR
RECESSIVE
THE TRAIT BEING
REPRESENTED BY A
DOMINATED OR COVERED LOWER CASE LETTER
UP BY THE DOMINATE
TRAIT
t g
or
TERMS TO KNOW
PHENOTYPE
THE PHYSICAL
APPEARANCE OF AN
ORGANISM
(WHAT IT LOOKS LIKE)
TALL, SHORT,
GREEN,
WRINKLED
GENOTYPE
THE GENE ORDER OF AN
ORGANISM
(WHAT ITS GENES LOOK
LIKE)
TT, GG, Tt, gg
Gg, tt
RATIO
THE RELATIONSHIP IN
NUMBERS BETWEEN TWO
OR MORE THINGS
3:1, 2:2, 1:2:1