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Study Guide – French Revolution and Napoleonic Age Names and Terms to Know: "Great Fear" of Man and Citizen Fraternité! Abbé Sieyès Declaration of the Rights Louis XVI Admiral Horatio Nelson of Woman and Female lycées Assembly of Notables Citizen Marie Antoinette assignats Directory Mary Wollstonecraft August 4 Decree Dos de Mayo Maximillian Robespierre Bastille Duke of Wellington Milan Decree Battle of Austerlitz Edmund Burke Montagnard Battle of Borodino Elba Napoléon Bonaparte Battle of Jena émigrés Napoleonic Code Battle of Leipzig enragés National Assembly Battle of Trafalgar Estates General National Convention Berlin Decree First Coalition non-juring [refractory] bourgeoisie Flour War clergy Brumaire Coup Fourth Coalition oligarchy Brunswick Manifesto Francisco Goya Olympe de Gouges cahiers de doléances François-Noël Babeuf Orders in Council Charles Calonne French Constitution of 1791 Paris Commune Civil Constitution of the Georges Danton Plain Clergy Girondin plebscite Committee of Public guillotine Reflections on the Safety Jacobin Club Revolution in France Concordat of 1801 Jacobin Club Reign of Terror Confederation of the Jacques Necker Republic of Virtue Rhine Jacques Turgot Revolutionary Tribunal Constituent Assembly Jacques-René Hébert Rosetta Stone Constitution of the Year III Jean Champollion sans-culottes Constitution of the Year Jean-Paul Marat Second Coalition VIII José de San Martín Simón Bolívar Consulate Joséphine de Beauharnais Society of Revolutionary Continental System July 14, 1789 Republic Women Cortes of Cádiz La Marseillaise taille corvée Law of Maximum Tennis Court Oath Council of Ancients Legion of Honor territorial subvention Council of Five Hundred Legislative Assembly The Battle of the Nile Cult of Reason lettres de cachet The Law of Suspects De-Christianization levée en masse Thermidorian Reaction Declaration of the Rights Liberté! Egalité! Third Coalition Toussaint-L'Ouverture tricolor of Woman Treaty of Amiens Tuileries Year I Treaty of Campo Formio Vendée Treaty of Tilsit Vindication of the Rights Questions to consider: ▪ What was the impact of the American Revolution on France and on the rest of Europe? ▪ Even though the French government was no more tyrannical or unjust in the late 1780s than it had been in the past, what failed in France's political system and society that set off a revolution? ▪ What were some of the economic reforms proposed by Jacques Turgot? Why did he fail? ▪ How was Necker's approach to dealing with France's financial difficulties different from Turgot? ▪ Why was the Estates-General reconvened after a century and a half? ▪ In the local elections which ultimately sent representatives to the Estates General, which groups held a majority in each Estate? ▪ What was Abbé Sieyès's view of the third estate? Why did the third estate clash with the other privileged estates? ▪ Explain the actions taken in creating the National Assembly. ▪ What was the significance of the fall of the Bastille? Why did it help save the National Assembly and the Revolution? ▪ Trace and account for the increasing intervention of the peasants and other commoners in the summer and early fall of 1789. ▪ What was the Great Fear? What was its impact on the National Assembly? ▪ List the major political and philosophical principles espoused in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. ▪ What type of government was established by the Constitution of 1791? Which groups were dissatisfied? Why? ▪ How did Olympe de Gouge's reworking of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen transform its meaning? How did male revolutionaries respond to her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Female Citizen? ▪ What practical role did women actually play in the French Revolution? ▪ Identify some of the gains made by women during the French Revolution. ▪ How did the French revolutionaries deal with the issue of race and discrimination regarding Jews, and free Negroes and mulattos [in France's Caribbean colonies]? ▪ How did the National Assembly restructure France administratively? ▪ How did the National Assembly apply revolutionary ideas to the economy? ▪ What were the policies of the National Assembly toward the Catholic Church? How did these policies revolutionize church-state relationships throughout France and the rest of Western Europe? ▪ What were the consequences of the government policy of selling church lands and issuing assignats? ▪ What was the reaction of the various European governments to the revolutionary events in France? ▪ How did the Brunswick Manifesto affect developments in France? ▪ Why did the Legislative Assembly disappear and a new National Convention emerge? ▪ Why were peasants and urban workers dissatisfied with the course of events by late 1791-early 1792? ▪ Who were the Jacobins? the sans-culotte? Why did the latter support the former? ▪ Why might the insurrection of August, 1792 be called the "Second" French Revolution? ▪ What caused the French Revolution to enter a second, more radical phase? ▪ Who were the Girondins and the Montagnards [Mountain]? What were their political points of view? Who were their major supporters? ▪ What political positions did the centrists [the Plain] take? ▪ What groups represented the counter-revolutionary forces in 1792-1794? What characterized the regions in which counter-revolutionary movements emerged? ▪ What role did the Jacobin Club play in the "Second" French Revolution? ▪ Why could it be said about the French Revolution [and other revolutions in history] that "revolutions devour their children?" ▪ Why did the Reign of Terror occur? ▪ Which social classes in revolutionary France were most affected by the Terror? least affected? Why? ▪ What type of government did Robespierre try to create in 1792-1794? Identify some of the specific changes and programs introduced. ▪ How were radical women treated by the Jacobin? ▪ How was the French army becoming more egalitarian and democratic by the end of 1793? ▪ What was the Thermidorian Reaction? ▪ Identify the problems that faced the new government, the Directory, in 1795. ▪ How did the Directory try to "turn a new [political] page" when it first came to power? ▪ What were the provisions of the new French Constitution of the Year III? ▪ Identify the weaknesses of the Directory. In what areas was it somewhat successful? ▪ Why were the poor worse off under the Directory than before the Revolution? ▪ Why have some historians described the Directory government as "the mirage of the moderates?" Is this an accurate label? ▪ What were some of the characteristics of Napoléon's earlier life and career that laid the groundwork for his later rise to power? ▪ What were some of Napoléon's earlier military successes? failures? ▪ To what extent was his dramatic political/military ascent a product of the French Revolution? ▪ Why was the Brumaire coup in 1799 successful? What were its political goals? ▪ How did the Brumaire coup help install a dictatorship, even though that was not its original intent? ▪ How did the French Revolution make it easier for Napoléon to come to power and rule France? ▪ What were the provisions of France's new Constitution of 1800? of the first revision in 1802? of the second revision of 1804? ▪ Why was the new political body, the Council of State, different from meaningful parliamentary democracy in France? ▪ How did the system of local government established by Napoléon in 1800 resemble royal centralization? ▪ Identify the ways in which Napoléon depoliticized France. ▪ Regarding the Concordat of 1801:- Why did Napoléon negotiate a Concordat with the Catholic Church in 1801? - What were the advantages and disadvantages for Napoléon and for the Church in concluding this agreement? - Who got the better of the deal and why? ▪ How did Napoléon treat Jews and Protestants within his Empire? ▪ What were some of the legal rights/principles established in the Code Napoléon? Identify some of its less "democratic" features. ▪ Describe the types of social organization provided by the Code Napoléon and through Napoleon's creation of a new political and serve elite. ▪ How did Napoléon undo many of the civil rights established during the Revolution for women and children? ▪ To what extent was centralization an important characteristic of all of Napoléon's initiatives? ▪ What were the provisions of the Treaty of Amiens? Why did it fail to keep the peace in Europe? ▪ What were the objectives of the Third Coalition? How successful were they? ▪ Why was the Battle of Trafalgar such an important military loss for Napoléon? ▪ Why did the Peninsular War prove so costly? Why was Napoleon not able to divide Spain? ▪ How did Napoléon's policies in Central Europe aid in the development of German nationalism? ▪ How was Napoléon's "Empire" organized? What revolutionary principles were incorporated into the states which France now governed? ▪ What did the Tsar and Napoléon agree to in the Treaty of Tilsit? ▪ Why did Napoléon divorce Josephine and marry the Habsburg princess, Marie Louis? ▪ In regard to the Continental System:- What was it?- What was its purpose?- How successful was it? - Who suffered the most from it?- What was its weakest link? ▪ How did Napoléon attempt to solve the problem of replenishing his army? ▪ Who were the members of the Third Coalition against Napoléon? Why did France go to war in 1805? What were the military and political results of this new confrontation? ▪ Why did the Spanish-French alliance bring about troubles for Spain? ▪ How did Spain react to the incursion of French troops on their soil? ▪ What was Britain's response to the Dos de Mayo uprising in Spain? ▪ Identify some of the provisions of the Spanish liberals' draft of a Constitution in 1812 ▪ How did the Spanish government revert back to its old conservative, monarchist tendencies after Wellington drove the French out of Spain in 1814? ▪ How did the Napoleonic Wars in Europe aid the independence of several Latin American countries? ▪ What were some of the characteristics of the Napoleonic War [War of 1812] as it played itself out in North America? ▪ Why was Napoléon's decision to invade Russia the biggest mistake of his military career? ▪ What were some of the reforms introduced by the Prussian government after its defeat by France in 1806? ▪ Why didn't Napoléon negotiate a peace in 1813?