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Buddhism Religions out of Asia Quick Facts Ranks #5 in the world with over 362 million adherents 3 Quick Facts As a faith, it arose in India, 5th century B.C.E. Nearly non-existent in modern India, adherents found in large numbers in China, Japan and North America 4 The life and enlightenment of Siddhartha Gautama 5 Founder & Texts Founder - Prince Siddhartha Gautma, the Buddha (the enlightened one or awakened one) The sacred texts, scriptures, are the Tripitaka (threefold basket) Raquel Sukhu 201020 6 Origins of Buddhism The Buddha was born into royalty, a prince, in northern India in 563 BCE Named Siddhartha Gautama which means “wish-filler” or “he who has reached his goal” 7 Origins of Buddhism Epics embellish his birth story, characterizing his birth as one without human intercourse – a white elephant carrying a lotus flower entered his mother’s womb during a dream 8 Origins of Buddhism The Buddha is portrayed as the reincarnation of a great being, born many times before, returning to earth out of compassion for all suffering beings 9 Origins of Buddhism He was raised in the lap of luxury with fine clothes, white umbrella for shade… He was a practicing Hindu, shielded from the difficulties of life, by his family. 10 Origins of Buddhism Trained in martial arts Moved through Brahmanic (Hindu) steps as a student, then householder, marrying a neighboring princess, Yashodhara at age 19 11 Origins of Buddhism Siddhartha’s father actively shielded him from seeing any painful human experiences by surrounding him with every kind of pleasure 12 Origins of Buddhism Legend says the gods arranged for Siddhartha to see “four sights” that his father had tried to hide from him: 13 Origins of Buddhism The first three caused him deep concern and anguish: 1. a bent old man (aging) 2. a sick person (sickness and suffering) 3. a dead person (death) 14 Origins of Buddhism Seeing these sights, he was dismayed by the impermanence of life 15 Origins of Buddhism The fourth sight brought relief: 4. a monk, wandering, seeking lasting happiness, rather than temporal pleasure 16 Origins of Buddhism At age 29 he renounced his wealth (The Great Renunciation) and departed at night, leaving his wife and son, Rahula, to begin his 6 year search for release from the wheel of rebirth. 17 Origins of Buddhism Siddhartha shaved his head, and donned the robe of a monk He underwent 6 years of extreme self-denial techniques (nakedness, breath retention, severe fasting, bed of brambles) 18 Origins of Buddhism He did not find enlightenment through this path He shifted his practice to a Middle Way that rejected both self indulgence and self denial 19 Origins of Buddhism He sat in a grove under the Bo tree (in a village - Bodh Gaya), and in a state of meditation, experienced supreme awakening. He realized as a result, the cause of suffering and the means for ending it 20 Origins of Buddhism He realized that destroying desire would eliminate suffering, leaving him free, awake and enlightened. 21 Origins of Buddhism He stayed under the tree of enlightenment for seven weeks, being tempted by Mara, the personification of evil, and received the blessings of the gods when he successfully withstood these temptations. 22 Origins of Buddhism He was filled with joy and compassion and wanted to share his good news with the five ascetics who helped him during his six year ordeal 23 Origins of Buddhism His outward appearance was changed by his enlightenment and he was embraced by the five ascetics who later became his disciples 24 Origins of Buddhism The Buddha delivered his first sermon in the deer Park of Sarnath – he presented the Middle Path and listed the 4 truths of his enlightenment. 25 Origins of Buddhism The beginning of Buddhism is marked by the five ascetics becoming his disciples, and the establishment of the Sangha – the monastic order and the first organization. 26 Origins of Buddhism The Buddha spent decades (45 years) walking and teaching all over North India and became known as the “sage of the Shakya clan” 27 Origins of Buddhism A core of teachings became known as the Dharma that he taught which included: 28 Origins of Buddhism the Four Noble Truths the Noble Eightfold Path the Three Marks of Existence and other guidelines for achieving liberation from suffering 29 Origins of Buddhism He continued to travel and teach until his eightieth year when it is believed he ate spoiled food and died. 30 Origins of Buddhism The disciples cremated his body on the seventh day after his death, and divided the remains into 8 parts upon which 8 monuments (stupas) were built in various territories as witness to the life of the Buddha. 31 Sacred Writing There are three (3) collections of scriptures in Buddhism, with the Tripitakas (Sanskrit for threefold basket) written in the Buddha’s language 32 Sacred Writing Three collections of scripture: 1. Pali collection, originally kept in memory of disciples, written in the language Pali, on palm leaves, gathered in three baskets. 3 collections, 5 volumes 33 Sacred Writing Three collections of scripture: 1. Tripitaka: I. the Vinaya Pitaka (monastic rules) II. the Sutta Pitaka (discourses/Dharmic teachings) III. the Abhidhamma Pitaka (supplement to the doctrines) 34 Sacred Writing Most Buddhist groups in practice focus their attention on a few volumes, sometimes basing their central doctrines on one sutra (sutta). 35 Focus on suffering, its nature, cause and cure 36 Four Noble Truths This constitutes the foundations of the Buddha’s teaching 37 Four Noble Truths 1. All of life is suffering, dukkha 2. The cause of suffering is craving, tanha 3. The end of suffering is getting rid of craving and grasping 4. The method to use in overcoming suffering is the Eightfold Path. This is known as the path of deliverance in Buddhism, and the Middle Path which leads to enlightenment. 38 The Eightfold Path This path avoids the extremes of self indulgence and self denial It deals with wisdom, ethical conduct and mental development 39 The Eightfold Path Wisdom: 1. Right View (correct insight into the nature of suffering) 2. Right Intention (correct resolve in overcoming suffering) 40 The Eightfold Path Ethical conduct: 3. Right Speech (truthful speech that reflects Buddhist knowledge) 4. Right Action (abstain from taking life and from carnal indulgence) 5. Right Livelihood (putting away wrong livelihood) 41 The Eightfold Path Mental Development: 6. Right Effort (apply force of mind to avoid evil and awaken good potentials) 7. Right mindfulness (avoiding craving and dejection in the world) 8. Right concentration (enter first meditative state (jhana) and move towards the 4th, purity of mind where neither ease nor ill is felt. 42 Ten Precepts – commitments of the monks of Sangha 1. not taking life 2. not stealing 3. being chaste 43 Ten Precepts 4. not lying 5. not drinking intoxicants 6. eating moderately 7. avoiding spectacles such as singing or dramas 44 Ten Precepts 8. not using flowers, perfumes or jewelry 9. using simple beds 10. accepting no gold or silver 45 Three Jewels / Gems Recited by the monks: “I take refuge in the Buddha, I take refuge in the Dharma, I take refuge in the Sangha.” 46 Three Jewels / Gems Buddha (Enlightened One) Dharma (teachings he gave) Sangha (community) 47 Buddhist teaching Buddha agreed with the Hindu gurus that samsara occurs, but he believed that it was not necessary – anyone may achieve release in this life rather than through rebirth by following the Four Noble Truths. 48 Buddhist teaching His understanding of karma was that humans become what they intend – karma is psychological, not physical. 49 Buddhist teaching In Buddhism, one event causes another, and the central cause in this process is karma – deserved pleasure or pain is caused by thoughts and deeds. 50 Buddhist teaching Karma anchors people in their physical nature, tying them to the wheel of birth and death through greed, hate and delusion. 51 Buddhist teaching People achieve nirvana, the goal of Buddhist practice when they have ended all craving, and lead a life free of attachments and with no karmic consequences. 52 Buddhist teaching An arhant or worthy one, has found nirvana in this life, a desirable state of mind, and the cycle of suffering, samsara, ends. 53 Theravada vs. Mahayana traditions Buddhism in India Buddhism in China Buddhism in Japan Buddhism in Tibet Buddhism in the West 54 Theravada / Theravadins One of the earliest Buddhist schools, and the only of those to survive into the present. Translates into “Way of the Elders” 55 Theravada / Theravadins The Theravadins were the monks who imitated the Buddha’s monastic life to attain enlightenment 56 Theravada / Theravadins The conservative branch, in comparison to the Mahayana Theravadin Buddhists study early scriptures in Pali, honor the life of renunciation and follow mindfulness meditation teachings. 57 Mahayana The liberal branch, in comparison to the Theravadins Developed circa 100 C.E. 58 Mahayana Translates into “Great Vehicle” This school offers a variety of ways to release from suffering and appeals to laypeople and monks of widely differing backgrounds 59 Mahayana This school applies the derogatory term hinayana (lowly vehicle) to the Theravadin Buddhists. The Mahayana identify with the advanced insights of the Buddha, higher knowledge 60 Mahayana They typically believe in bodhisattvas, heavenly beings who although they are qualified for nirvana, remain outside to assist humans in need to escape suffering here to beautiful lives beyond the grave. 61 Mahayana They believe that the heavens are populated with all sorts of enlightened beings or Buddhas who can help each generation as Gautama helped his, and that everyone, is a potential Buddha. 62 Comparison of Theravadins and Mahayana Mahayanas prefer wide participation; Theravadins – only those who observe the monastic ideal 63