Download Use Target Reading Sldlls Darwin`s Observations (p. 173) 365

Tliis seelioll disCl/sses Cilnrles Dnrwil1 nlld llis tlleories of evollliioll,
ollwlmt lie saw during llis trip nrollnd the world.
wilich ore bnsed
Galapagos Organisms (pp. 174-175)
5,
Use Target Reading Sldlls
In tlie grnfJilie orgollizer,
idwtify
~
fnetors
Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about Darwin's
observations.
a. Many Galapagos organisms were similar to organisms on mainland South
America.
b. Iguanas on the Galapagos Islands had small claws for climbing trees.
c. Darwin thought the ancestors of Galapagos ilnimals ,md plants came from mainland South America.
d. All tortoises living in the Ga!<lpagos Islands looked exactly the same.
that enllse natllral selection.
6.
Darwin noticed many differences atl10ng similar
___________
as he traveled from one Galapagos
island to
Look at the bird beaks below. Match the bird beaks with the kind of food the
bird eats.
7. insects
8, seeds
Darwin's Observations
(p. 173)
1.
Is tl,e following sentence l-rue or false? Charles Darwin was not surprised by the variety of living things he saw on his voyage around the
world.
.
2.
A group of similar organisms that can mate with each other and produce
fertile offspring is called a(n)
_
3.
A(n)
organism
4.
.
that lived in the past.
is tl,e preserved
rernains or traces of an
Is the following sentence true or false? Darwin observed
diversity of organisms on the Gillapagos Islands.
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Evolution (p. 176)
10, Circle the letter of ench sentence
1'I,0tis true about I nrwin's conclusions.
a, Darwin understood immediOilely WIlYGa.lapaljOo orlj1lni"nlS l'wcI,Hnll elil rl'I'('1I1
adaptations.
b. Darwin thought that Galiip1lgos organisms grar[ually chnnge-clov"I' nl,lIly
generations.
c. Darwin believed that evollillon had occurred on the C:1IJapngos Isl:\nds.
d. Selective breeding Ilelped Darw'in understand how evolutioll ,night occIII'.
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11. Circle the letter of the term that means a well-tested
concept that
explilins many observations.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Understanding Main Ideas
,11Iswer the followilJg questions 011
idea
evolution
scientific theory
hypothesis
0
sepinote sllfet of paper.
1. Who was CI1ilrJesDar\ol'in, and whal: did he do on the Beagle's voyage?
2. What is evolution?
IPna~l!ral Selection (pp. 177-179)
3. Explain how the shape of a finch's beak is an example of an adaptation.
12. In his book The Origin of Species, Dilrwin explilined thilt evolution occms
by means of
_
4. When members of d species compete, whdt do they compete for?
5. What happens when species overproduce
offspring?
13. Is the following sentence true or fil]se? Individuals with variations that
make them better adapted to their environment will not survive.
6. Suppose d variation makes an individual member of a species better
adapted to its environment. How might that variation affect the
individual's reproduction?
Match the factors that affect the process of natural selection with their
definitions.
7. How does the environment
Definitions
Factors
14. Effect caused by limited food
and a ther resources
a. overproduction
15. Differences between
individuals of the same
species
"select" organisms?
8. I-low do helpful variations accumulate in a species over time?
9. Why can only traits controlled by genes be acted upon by natural
selection?
b. competition
Bui!ding Vocabularv
c. variations
Fill in the bl(lnk to cOIuplete ellch statement.
10. A(n)
is a group of similar organisms that can
mate with each other and produce fertile offspring.
16. Effect caused by species'
producing more offspring
than can survive
17. Is ['he following sentence true or false? Only traits that are controlled by
genes can be acted upon by natural selection.
18. Is the following sentence true or false? Darwin knew all about genes and
mutations.
_
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11.
A(n)
and reproduce.
.
is a trait that helps an organism survive
12.
A scientific
explains a wide range of observations.
is a well-tested concept that
13. The process by \o\lhichindividuals that are betler adapted to their
environment are more likely to survive and reproduce is called
14. That some newly hal'ched turtles can swim faster than others of the same
species is evidence of
~
within the species.
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IEvidence of IEvoh.l~ion
(cflll/il/ued)
Inferring Species Relationships
Use Target Reading Skills
As YOll read, ielel/I ifv III(' evitl"l/ce
evidcllcc iI/ lI,e 8rt1/lillc orsnl/izcr.
Ihnt slIpports
U,e theory of evo/lltion.
Write
(pp. 185-186)
IJ.
Is the following sentence true or false? The more closely related species
are, the more similar their DNA sequences.
_
5.
What have scientists learned about the elephant
evidence?
6.
Circle the letter of each sentence that is true abollt evolutionary
relationships of organisms.
tI,e
shrew based on DNA
a. DNA comparisons show that dogs are more similar to coyotes than to
,,,,'olves.
b. Scientists can compare protein structure to see how cJos"!y two species are related.
c. A branching tree shows how scientists think different groups of
orRanisms are related.
d. DNA evidence shows that giant pandas are more closely related to
raccoons than to bears.
i-low 11)0~~ew Species lForm? (pp. 186-187)
~ni:ewpi'eting the f£vidence (pp. 183-184)
1.
Similar body structures that related species have inherited
common ancestor are called
_
2.
What similarities in development lead scientists to infer that opossums,
chickens, salamanders, and fish share a common ancestor?
3.
Why do scientists classify fisl1, amphibians,
mamIllals together in one group?
Is the following sentence true or false? When a group of incLivicluaIs
remains isolated from the rest of its species long enOLlgh to evolve
different tralts, a new species can form.
_
8.
"Vhat are three ways that isolation can occur?
reptiles, birds, and
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7.
from a
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Understanding Main Ideas
Use tile figures below 10 allswer
sepamfe slICe I o/papcr.
the qllestions
Ihnl'follow.
Writ'e your answers
all
n
This seclioll cxpll/ills w!Jat fossils ore I/nd !Jow fOSSils give cllles abollt evolulioll.
olso desci'ibes tile Geologic Tillie Scale, a colwe/o'!' of Eartll 's history.
It
~lfter yOIl rend 11/1' sectioll, reread tlIe pnrngrnplls Ihat contaill defillitions of Key
1er/'ll5: Use all Ihe lrJjorJuatlOn yoniiave lellrned to write n defillition of eacii Key
Tenn 111 YOllr own wore/so Write YOllr defillitions 01111 se/Hlmt" sheet of pnper.
I-~ow Do ~ossiis
1.
r-on-m? (p. 190)
Circle the letter of each item that can form a fossil.
a. bone
b.shell
c. stone
1. Compare
and contrast the bones of a bird's wing and a seal's flipper.
2. What .do scientists infer from the similarities
structures?
between
tl,ese two
2,
Is the following sentence true or false? Most fossils form wIlen
organisms tha t die become buried in sediments.
3.
Particles of soil and rock are called
'1.
Remains of organisms
____________
5,
3. Wbat do scientists call such similar structures?
tlw following
qllestions
On a sepamte sheet of popel'.
5. What types of evidence do scientists use to determine
relationships among groups?
6. What do similarities
in the early development
that are actually changed
fossils.
to rock are called
Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about molds and casts.
a. A mold forms when hard parts of an' orgimism buried by sediments me
graduaJly dissolved.
b. A cast is a hollow space in sediment in the shape of an organism.
c, A mold tha t becomes filled in with h,udened ma terials forms a cast.
d. A cast is a copy of the shape of an organis;111.
4. Describe how DNA evidence might be used to confirm scientists'
conclusions about any relationship between birds and seals.
Allswer
_
evolutionary
of organisms
6.
suggest?
Is the follovving sentence true or false? The formation
common event.
_
of any fossil is a
BUilding Vocabulary
Fill in Uw blonk to complde
each stoteillelif.
7. Similar structures that related species have inherited from a common
ancestor are called
structurcs.
8. 1\(n)
is '1 diagram that shows how scientists
think different groups of organisms are related.
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377
383
18. Circle the lelter of the largest SpeW of time in the Geologic Time Scale.
Determining
7.
a ~OSSiij'5 Age (pp. 191-192)
Is the following sentence true or hIisc? By determining
scientists can reconstruct the history of Life on Earth.
ti,e age of fossils,
a. Precanlbrian TilYte
b. eras
c. periods
d. years
19. Look at the illustration of the Geologic Time Scale in your text. What "re
the names of the three eras?
9.
In layers of sedimentary rock, the
llsually at the bottom. Eacll higher layer is
than the layers below it.
.
layer is
_
10. Is the following sentence true or false? Relative dating can only help
scientists determine whether one fossil is older than another.
11. Scientists use unstable elements that decay, called
_________________
elements, to c}etermine tbe "ctual age
of a fossil.
How Fast Does EvolLllion Occur?
volulion
What
1D0 U:os5i!s iteveal?
(pp. 192-195)
What the
Theory Says
Equilibria
15. The millions of fossils that scientists have collected are called tbe
16. Is the following sentence true or false? Tbe remains of all organisms
have become fossils.
_
I
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Intermediate
Forms of Species?
Uli1dellstallndHng
Mafillil udJeZls
Use thefigure below to answer questions 1 and 2. Write your answers on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. Wllat is shown in the figure above?
2. What evidence do scientists use to place events on this timeline?
Answer the followzng questions on a separate sheet of paper.
3. Describe the process by which most fossils form.
4. Which is probably older, a fossil in a sedimentary rock layer at the bottom
of a canyon or a fossil in a sedimentary rock layer at the top of a canyon?
Explain.
5. How do scientists use radioactive elements to determine the actual age of
fossils?
6. What is the fossil record, and why is it incomplete?
13uiiding Voq;;;abuialiY
Match each term with its definition by writing the letter of the correct definition on
the line beside the tenn.
7. relative dating
a. a species that has no living members
8. half-life
b. the preserved remains or traces or an
orgaflism that lived in the past
9. gradualism
10. radioactive dating
11. extinct
12. sedimentary rock
c. the theory that species evolve during
short periods of rapid change
d. a way to determine the actual age or
fossils
13. fossil
14. punctuated equilibria
f. the time it takes for half of a radioactive
sample to decay
g. the theory that evolution occurs slowly
but steadily
h. a way to determiIle which of two fossils
is older
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