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WHMF121 Session 1 Introduction to plant taxonomy and botanical nomenclature Photograph with permission of Wendy Williams © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 1 1 Subject Objectives 1. Describe, explain and demonstrate the application of botanical terminology, taxonomy and nomenclature throughout the unit of study 2. Describe, differentiate and demonstrate a sound knowledge of plant morphology through the application of botanical keys, spotting characteristics and other investigative methods for the purpose of plant identification. 3. Explain, investigate and reflect upon traditional and current research techniques commonly used in the Australian complementary medicine industry specific to the evaluation of dried plant material © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 2 Subject Objectives 4. Explain and differentiate between the ecological factors that can impact on plant conservation and raw material quality. 5. Explore and critically evaluate current Australian legislative guidelines as they relate to herbal medicine growing, manufacture, dispensing and dosage forms 6. Discuss, compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages of a range of different herbal preparations/dosage forms 7. Demonstrate the ability to manufacture a range of different types of herbal preparations © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 3 Prescribed Texts & Readings Textbooks: o Capon, B. (2010). Botany for gardeners. (3rd ed.). Portland, OR: Timber Press. o Adams, J. & Tan, E. (2006). Herbal manufacturing: How to make medicines from plants. Melbourne, Australia: Northern Melbourne Institute of TAFE. Useful text: o Tan, E. (2013). Botany of the flowering plants. (4th ed.). Melbourne, Australia: Northern Melbourne Institute of TAFE. © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 4 Academic Honesty and Plagiarism • Definition: the intentional or unintentional copying or presentation of any part of another person’s ideas, words or work without acknowledgement for the purpose of presenting the other persons work as one’s own work. 1. Negligent plagiarism – innocent or careless mistakes in referencing 2. Dishonest plagiarism – knowingly presenting another person’s work as ones own • Turnitin®– plagiarism detection software © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 5 Student, Policies, Procedures & Forms • Assessment Policy – outlines College’s assessment philosophy and principles • Student Integrity Policy – outlines policy around academic honesty and plagiarism Student Integrity Policy, available at: http://www.endeavour.edu.au/docs/policies-and-handbooks/Student_Integrity_Policy.pdf Assessment Policy, available at: http://www.endeavour.edu.au/docs/policies-and-handbooks/Assessment_Policy.pdf © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 6 Assessment for WHMF121 • This subject requires an 80% attendance. • This means that you can be absent up to twice (per component) within the course of the semester and still have a “Pass” grade. • If you miss a 3rd session you need to apply for Special Considerations to avoid a “Fail” grade. • The overall pass rate for this subject is 50%. © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 7 Assessment for WHMF121 o 1st Quiz – Session 11 - mix of Botany & Manufacturing o (20 %) - 40 minute MCQs/short answers done in class o 2nd Quiz – Session 25 - mix of Botany & Manufacturing o (20 %) - 40 minute MCQs/short answers done in class o Botany Project – Session 20 (20%) • Hand your projects into your lecturer in class o Manufacturing Project – Session 20 (20%) • Hand your projects into your lecturer in class o Workbook Botany Component – Session 26 (10 %) • Load your workbook onto the LMS by Sunday midnight of week 14 o Workbook Botany Component – Session 26 (10 %) • Load your workbook onto the LMS by Sunday midnight of week 14 © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 8 Plant Project • How to start this project: • Read about how to collect specimens • http://www.qld.gov.au/environment/assets/document s/plants-animals/herbarium/collecting-manual.pdf • Start looking for specimens from today - your own gardens, local parks, bush lands or nurseries • If you are not certain about the plants, take a photo with your phone and bring it to class • Follow the marking criteria • Hand your project in when you come to class on week 9 • Name, student number and the marking criteria attached © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 9 © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 10 This is a beautifully presented project. What’s wrong with it? © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 11 Plant Family Identification • Endeavour College has been given permission to use Dr Lena Struwe’s guide. • This has the information on all plant families you may need to study for exams and for your Botany Project. • It is included in your study material as a reading. © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 12 Welcome to the Study of Botany o Today’s Topic • Discuss the different forms of assessment for botany – As per Endeavours policy, all forms of assessment must be attempted • Introduction to the study of Botany • Taxonomy • Plant Phylum • Botanical nomenclature © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 13 Botany • From the late Latin ‘botanicus'; early Greek 'botanikos' meaning “fodder or plants”. • The study of photosynthetic organisms - green plants, fungi, various coloured algae and the like are included in this science. • Definition: “The biological science that studies plants”. (Wohlmuth, 1992, p.2) © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 14 Branches of Botany • • • • • • • Bacteriology: the study of bacteria Cytology: the study of plant cells Genetics: the study of heredity and its laws. Geography: the study of plant distribution Morphology: the study of form and structures. Paleobotany: the study of fossil plant records Physiology: the study of the activities and functions in plants • Taxonomy: the naming and classification of plants (Wohlmuth, 1992, p.2) © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 15 Plant Taxonomy oThe science that systematically defines plants according to: 1. Description - what they look like, colour, shape etc 2. Identification - is it recognised or unknown to science 3. Nomenclature - only one scientific name (Latin) 4. Classification - ranking or relationship between plants • • Taxonomy is based on phylogeny. Phylogeny is defined as the evolutionary or ancestral relationships between organisms and is based on the theory of evolution. © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 16 Charles Robert Darwin Charles Darwin, born in 1809, was a noted English naturalist and academic. He studied both medicine and theology, and it was his book “On the Origin of Species”, published in 1859, that rocked the academic world and changed history forever. © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 17 Theory of Evolution • Charles Darwin’s ‘On the Origin of Species’, remains the cornerstone of the theory of Evolution. • According to this theory, the environment presents challenges to the organism through: 1. Natural Selection: The organism either adapts to this change (fitness) or dies out in time 2. Genetic Drift: A genetic modification is random Genetic make up of populations (group of the same species capable of breeding) changes over time. (Simpson, M.G. 2006) © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 18 The Five Kingdoms oThe entire biological world can be divided or classified into 5 kingdoms… oThese kingdoms are: 1) Kingdom Animalia - animals 2) Kingdom Plantae - plants 3) Kingdom Fungi - fungus 4) Kingdom Protista - algae & the like 5) Kingdom Monera - single cell/bacterium oAll living beings that we know off fall into one of these above mentioned categories. oKingdoms are the first and largest officially recognised category, or taxa, of taxonomy. © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 19 Living Things Classified or ranked accordingly: 1) Kingdom 2) Phylum 3) Class 4) Order 5) Family 6) Subfamily 7) Tribe 8) Genus 9) Species © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 20 Human Ranking Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Family: Hominidae Genus: Homo Species: sapiens Latin: Homo = man Sapiens = wise, rational © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 21 Plant Ranking •Kingdom: Plantae •Phylum: Magnoliophyta •Class: Magnoliopsida •Family: Asteraceae •Subfamily: Cichorioideae •Tribe: Lactucae •Genus: Taraxacum •Species: Taraxacum Officinale photo of a dandelion Keng tc. (2007) Close up Keng tc. (2007) Close up photo of a dandelion. Retrieved February 22, 2017 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Top_view_o f_a_dandelion.JPG © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 22 The Twelve Phylum or Divisions of plants 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. Phylum Hepaticophyta (liverworts) Phylum Anthocerophyta (hornworts) Phylum Bryophyta (starting point of primitive mosses) Phylum Psilophyta (mosses) Phylum Lycophyta (club mosses) Phylum Equisetophyta or Sphenophyta (horsetails) Phylum Polipodiophyta or Filicophyta (ferns) Phylum Cycadophyta (cycads) Phylum Ginkgophyta (Ginkgo biloba) Phylum Coniferophyta (conifers) Phylum Gnetophyta (Ephedra spp.) Phylum Magnoliophyta (flowering plants) © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 23 Plant Categories © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 24 Non-Vascular Plants • Comprises of the three most primitive phyla: • Phylum Hepatophyta (liverworts) • Phylum Anthocerophyta (hornworts) • Phylum Brytophyta (mosses) • Most common in warm and moist regions. • Are sensitive to air pollution so are not common in densely populated areas. • Circa 23000 species. • Small simple nonvascular land plants © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 25 Non-Vascular Plants Dendroceros sp., hornwort, growing on a tree Lunularia cruciata, a thallose liverwort. © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 26 Non-Vascular Plants • No leaves, but have leaf like structures. • Gametophyte is the dominant visible stage, albeit the sporophyte grows upon and is nutritionally dependent upon the gametophyte. • No flowers fruit of seeds, therefore gametes need water for fertilisation to occur. • No roots, stems or vascular system • Absorb water directly through the body surface. © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 27 27 Phylum Psilophyta • Evolved vascular tissues that conduct fluid around the plant • • • • with increasing sophistication, some have true leaves, stems and roots Only two living genera: Psilotum (eg whiskferns) & Tmesipteris (eg hanging fork-ferns) Sporophyte is the dominant stage for reproduction. Whiskferns are small plants with branching stems, Possess rudimentary vascular system but no roots or leaves. There are no flowers, fruit or seeds. Water is absorbed into the underground part of the stem and carried to the aerial parts. Water is needed for fertilisation. © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 28 Phylum Psilophyta Tmesipteris tannensis Peter Woodard. 2011. Tmesipteris truncata, Avondale Creek Turramurra. Australia. Retrieved February 23, 2017 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tmesipteris#/ media/File:Tmesipteris_truncata_Turramurra.jpg Psilotum nudum Forest & Kim Starr. 2004. Psilotum nudum (habit). Location: Maui, Auwahi. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Psilot um_nudum#mediaviewer/File:Starr_0401310017_Psilotum_nudum.jpg © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 29 Phylum Lycophyta • Approximately 1000 living species in 5 genera. • Examples include: Club mosses, spike mosses and quillworts. • Sporophyte is the dominant stage for reproduction. • Distinct roots - the first plants to evolve roots • Stems and leaves as well as a vascular system to service these structures. • There are no flowers, fruits or seeds and require water for fertilisation. © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 30 Phylum Lycophyta Lycopodium clavatum, a spore bearing vascular plant belonging to the club moss family. © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 31 Phylum Sphenophyta • 1 genus called Equisetum - 25 species. • Sporophyte is the dominant stage for reproduction. • Small scale like leaves, specialised vascular tissue for transport of water and nutrients from the roots. • Organs that produce the spores are called strobili (cone like structure born on the end of a stem). • No flowers, fruit or seeds. Water needed for fertilisation. • Examples include: horsetails, scour rushes © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 32 Phylum Sphenophyta Photograph with permission of Wendy Williams © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 33 Phylum Filicophyta • AKA the ferns, of around 12000 species. • Larger plants with more sophisticated vasculature to meet the needs of their size. • Ferns have no have flowers, fruit or seeds. Water is required for fertilisation. • The fern plant is the sporophyte body, the spore producing organs can often be found on the underside of the fern fronds. • Spores germinate into a flat, heart shaped gametophyte © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 34 Phylum Filicophyta Photograph with permission - Wendy Williams © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 35 Phylum Filicophyta Observe the spores contained on the underside of the fronds, indicative of ferns. Doodia aspera (Prickly Rasp Fern) https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Doodia_aspera_(Pri ckly_Rasp_Fern)_-_cultivated_3.jpg viewed on 4/7/16 © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 36 Seeded Plants oEvolutionary advantage on primitive plants as they evolved to have: • Seeds that contain a starchy food source so the embryo can survive until conditions are optimal • Protective outer coat so the embryo is protected from the environment until it germinates • Pollen, which transports sperm so the plants are not dependent on water for fertilisation but wind or air movement • Woody secondary growth giving plants structural strength so they can grow bigger. © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 37 Seeded Plants • These seeded plant phylums are called gymnosperms • Gymno - naked and sperm - seed • The seeds are not enclosed in fruit - they are fruitless plants • These include: • Cycadophyta • Ginkgophyta • Coniferophyta • Gnetophyta © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 38 Phylum Cycadophyta • Roughly 240 species of cycads in 10 genera. • Prehistoric plants that have been around since the dinosaurs. • Resemble palm trees with frond like leaves growing directly from the trunk. • Trunk is covered in the bases of shed leaves. • Reproductive organs are found in cones in the centre of the leaves at the top of the trunk. • Mode of reproduction is specialised. • Male & Female cones on separate plants. • No flowers or fruit in this phylum. © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 39 Phylum Cycadophyta Male Cycuas revoluta Photograph with permission - Wendy Williams © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 40 Phylum Cycadophyta Female Cycas revoluta https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flickr_-_brewbooks__Megasporophylls_of_Female_Cycas_revoluta.jpg viewed 4/7/16 © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 41 Phylum Ginkgophyta • Only one species in this entire division. • This is Ginkgo biloba (maidenhair tree) is a slow growing tree, they have a sophisticated woody vascular system. • Male and female reproductive organs grow on separate plants. • The pollen is produced in groups of strobili on male plants. • Ovules exist on the branches of the female plants. • Ginkgo fact: • Fertilisation occurs on the tree after the ovules have fallen to the ground. No flowers or fruit. © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 42 Phylum Ginkgophyta Photograph with permission - Wendy Williams © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 43 Ginkgo biloba Male & female trees, the ovules develop into nuts female ovules male strobili http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ginkgo_b iloba#mediaviewer/File:Ginkgo_biloba__female_flower.JPG viewed 4/7/16 Photograph with permission – David Stelfox © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 44 Phylum Coniferophyta • • • • Seeds develop in the open on the cone scales Conifers include Pines, Firs, Cypress, Juniper etc. Circa 550 species grouped into 50 genera. Largest tree in the world Sequoia sempervirens (see picture) • Reproduction is highly specialised, with male and female cones found on the same plant. • The larger female cones near the bases of branches and small male cones towards the tips - reproduction is similar to cycads • No flowers or fruit in this group © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 45 Phylum Coniferophyta Female pine cone Male pine cone https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pine_cones,_male_and_female.jpg Viewed 4/7/16 © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 46 Phylum Coniferophyta Sequoia sempervirens, a member of this division, are some of the largest and oldest plants known. This photograph was taken in 2006 in the Sequoia National Park the man is dwarfed by the size of the tree trunk Photograph with permission - Wendy Williams © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 47 Phylum Gnetophyta • Only 100 species in 3 genera: • Gnetum • Ephedra • Welwitschia • Present a number of advanced characteristics: • Sophisticated vascular system • Reproductive organs resemble those of the angiosperms. • Although the strobili resemble flowers, members of this division do not possess any flowers or fruit. © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 48 Ephedra sinica • Used in traditional Chinese medicine for over 2000 years • Specifically for asthma, allergic rhinitis, URT infections and as a general stimulant tonic. • It is a scheduled herb in Australia due to the content of ephedrine. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ephedra_californica_2.jpg viewed 4/7/16 © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 49 Welwitschia mirabilis Watch the video ohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PVLACJsoGjk Permission Secret Life of Plants – David Attenborough © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 50 Flowering Plants • The most evolved plants: Phylum Magnoliophyta • Advantage of seeds - future generations • Advantage of flowers - streamline sexual reproduction by attracting pollinators rather than leaving it to chance (wind dispersal) • Advantage of fruit - more efficient seed dispersal. © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 51 Phylum Magnoliophyta • Angiosperms • From the Greek angion meaning vessel and sperma meaning seed • Most highly evolved in the plant kingdom • 352,000 species, that grow in a myriad of shapes and sizes. http://www.theplantlist.org/1.1/browse/A/ • Highly sophisticated reproductive and vascular systems. • Plant body is the sporophyte stage • Gametophyte stage is the pollen and ovules produced in the male and female organs of the flower. © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 52 Phylum Magnoliophyta Divided into two classes based on the number of cotyledons or seed leaves that they have: • Class Liliopsida - one seed leaf • Called monocotyledons or monocots for short • Divided into groups of 20 orders • There are about 62,000 species - including grasses, lilies, irises, orchids and palms • Class Magnoliopsida - two seed leaves • Called dicotyledons or dicots • Divided into groups of about 70 orders. • There are about 290,000 species. » (We will discuss these next week) © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 53 Botanical Nomenclature • Phylogeny (evolutionary or ancestral relationships between organisms) is the basis of taxonomy (system of organising living things), in which the species is the basic unit. • This is essential to the understanding of taxonomy. • Nomenclature is defined as: “The procedure of assigning names to the kinds and groups of organisms listed in a taxonomic classification”. • Latin is used because that was the language used by scholars during the 18th century when many of the species were first identified and named. Greek is also sometimes used… © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 54 Botanical Nomenclature • • • • Carl von Linné / Linnaeus (1707 – 1778) was the man who pioneered the system of classifying all living organism Binomial nomenclature is the system of naming plants – 2 names Linnaeus based his plant classification on floral characteristics Modern taxonomy combines a number of techniques to classify plants: • Comparative DNA • Comparative morphology & anatomy • Comparison of chemical compounds © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 55 Botanical Nomenclature A Latin binomial by convention is written in italics and consists of two words: 1.Generic name o - Always has a capital letter. o - Is the name of the genus to which the species belongs. 2.Specific epithet o - Does not have a capital letter o - Is specific to, or defines the species within the genus. © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 56 Botanical Nomenclature Let’s look at how the herb Peppermint is botanically classified: • • • • • • • Kingdom: Phylum: Class: Order: Family: Genus: Species: Plantae Magnoliophyta Magnoliopsida Lamiales Lamiaceae Mentha piperita. © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 57 Botanical Nomenclature • The specific epithet may be used in combination with different generic names to name different species. It will often describe the species in some way: • “piperita” means peppery • “vulgaris” means common • “sativa” means “of the fields” • “tinctora” means it was used as a dye • “longa” describing the length of leaf, stem etc • “alba” meaning white • “odorata” meaning fragrance • “nigrum” meaning black © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 58 Botanical Nomenclature • Hundreds of herbs have the specific epithet “officinalis” or “officinale” • This is because they were official medicines included in published Materia Medica (books that tell you how the use the herbs) at the time Linnaeus set about to give each species on earth it’s own specific name. • Taraxacum officinale • Zingiber officinale • Rosmarinus officinalis • Symphytum officinale © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 59 Activity o Refer to the reading: o “Botanical Latin - The Poetry of Herb Names” • Find 6 medicinal plants you know, find their Botanical Names and the meaning of their names • Why does the spelling of the word officinalis / officinale differ? © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 60 Hybrid Plants • Plants of two different species do not usually interbreed • When interbreeding does occur the offspring is said to be a hybrid. • Hybrid species have not evolved like other species but have been bred by crossing parents of different species. • Hybrids are named using both parents names separated by “x” • Digitalis lutea crossed with Digitalis purpurea would be “Digitalis lutea x D.purpurea. © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 61 Botanical Nomenclature • Herbalists do not use common names and always use the herbs scientific name to avoid confusion. • Dirr’s Manual of Woody Landscape Plants, 5th Edition. • Nymphaea alba L. (White Waterlily) has: • 15 common names in English • 44 common names in French • 81 common names in German • – but only one Latin name © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 62 The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) • Most plants have a common name which varies from country to country and regionally within countries. • The ICBN formalises the convention for the scientific or botanical naming of plants, especially the names of species. • Formed in 1867, it regularly meets every six years to discuss changes to plant names or the naming of new species. • According to the ICBN, Latin names used in print are either italicised or underlined. o Example: Mentha x piperita or Mentha piperita © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 63 Botanical Names can Change • Classification and names can be changed for 3 reasons: 1. To be consistent with new conventions 2. More information or material becomes available 3. Information is reinterpreted or a different opinion becomes accepted. • More information regarding ICBN: http://courses.washington.edu/bot113/summer/WebReadings/PdfReadings/BOTANICAL_NOMENCLATURE.pdf 4/7/16 © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 64 These names changed at the last meeting of the ICBN in 2012 in Melbourne & validated by the Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods as the correct medicinal plant names. Old Name New Authenticated Name Aloe barbadensis Aloe vera Anthemis nobilis Chamaemelum nobile Cassia senna Senna alexandrina Cimicifuga foetida Actaea cimicifuga Cimicifuga heracleifolia Actaea heracleifolia Cimicifuga racemosa Actaea racemosa Pulsatilla vulgaris Anemone pulsatilla © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 65 Changes to naming of Plant Families Common name Former name Current name Typical genus Parsely family Umbelliferae Apiaceae Apium Daisy family Compositae Asteraceae Aster Cabbage family Cruciferae Brassicaceae Brassica Bean family Leguminosae Fabaceae Faba Mint family Labiatae Lamiaceae Lamium Grass family Graminae Poaceae Poa © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 66 Tutorial Session o Student Workbook: Session No.1 - answer the questions and do the exercises o It must be loaded via LMS and put through Turnitin® for grading at the end of session 26 (week 14) • The Turnitin® score may be high as you would all have similar answers and that is OK o Consistently work through your workbook each week o We will try to cover the exercises in the workbook during the tutorial – bring laptops with you © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 67 Next Week o Preparation: • Read through the readings supplied, for Session No. 1 if you haven’t already done so. • Read the section in your textbook on this area: – Pant taxonomy – Nomenclature – Plant diversity o Next Week: • The life cycle of flowering plants • Seeds – we will be germinating some seeds © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 68 Suggested Reading oClarke, I. & Lee, H. (1987). Name that flower: The identification of flowering plants. (pp. 50-51.). Carlton, Vic: Melbourne University Press. oBisset, N. & Wichtl, M 2004, Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals (2nd ed.). Stuttgart, Germany: Medpharm Scientific Publishers. oMauseth, J. (2014). Botany: An introduction to plant biology. (5th ed. pp. 440-459.). MASS.: Jones & Bartlett Publishers. oStearn, W.T. (2004). Botanical Latin. (4th ed. pp. 14-38.). OR.: Timber Press Publishers. © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 69 References Pictures: o All pictures, photos and diagrams have been obtained in the public domain or permission has been given from their owners for display as a resource. Texts: o Clarke, I. & Lee, H. (1987). Name that flower: The identification of flowering plants. Carlton, Vic: Melbourne University Press. o Darwin, CR 1859, On the Origin of Species, Retrieved on 22 February, 2017, from http://www.literature.org/authors/darwin-charles/the-origin-of-species/ o Simpson, M.G. (2006). Plant systematics. MASS, USA: Elsevier Academic Press. o Tan, E. (2013). Botany of the flowering plants (4th ed.). Preston, Vic: Northern Melbourne Institute of TAFE. o Wohlmuth, H. (1992). An introduction to botany and plant identification. (2nd ed.). Lismore, NSW: MacPlatypus Productions. © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 70 COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA Copyright Regulations 1969 COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA Copyright Regulations 1969 WARNING This material has been reproduced and communicated to you by or on behalf of the Australian College of Natural Medicine Pty Ltd (ACNM) trading as Endeavour College of Natural Health, FIAFitnation, College of Natural Beauty, Wellnation - Pursuant Part VB of the Copyright Act 1968 (the Act). The material in this communication may be subject to copyright under the Act. Any further reproduction or communication of this material by you may be the subject of copyright protection under the Act. Do not remove this notice. © Endeavour College of Natural Health endeavour.edu.au 71